硬膜下血肿

Narayan RK, Michel ME, Ansell B, et al. Clinical trials in head injury. J Neurotrauma. 2002 May;19(5):503-57.

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Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, et al; Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Author Group. Surgical management of acute subdural hematomas. Neurosurgery. 2006 Mar;58(suppl 3):S16-24;discussion Si-iv.

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Liu W, Bakker NA, Groen RJ. Chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical procedures. J Neurosurg. 2014 Sep;121(3):665-73.

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Brain Trauma Foundation. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. January 2017 [internet publication].

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Ratilal BO, Pappamikail L, Costa J, et al. Anticonvulsants for preventing seizures in patients with chronic subdural haematoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD004893.

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Amirjamshidi A, Abouzari M, Rashidi A. Glasgow Coma Scale on admission is correlated with postoperative Glasgow Outcome Scale in chronic subdural hematoma. J Clin Neurosci. 2007 Dec;14(12):1240-1.

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1.  Zwienenberg-Lee M, Muizelaar JP. Clinical pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. In: Winn HR, Youmans JR (eds): Youmans Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2004:5039-64.

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3.  Servadei F, Nasi MT, Giuliani G, et al. CT prognostic factors in acute subdural haematomas: the value of the 'worst' CT scan. Br J Neurosurg. 2000 Apr;14(2):110-6.

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4.  Narayan RK, Michel ME, Ansell B, et al. Clinical trials in head injury. J Neurotrauma. 2002 May;19(5):503-57.

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5.  Fisher B, Thomas D, Peterson B. Hypertonic saline lowers raised intracranial pressure in children after head trauma. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1992 Jan;4(1):4-10.

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6.  Marshall L, Gautille T, Klauber M. The outcome of severe closed head injury. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:S28-36.

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8.  Wintzen AR, de Jonge H, Loeliger EA, et al. The risk of intracerebral hemorrhage during oral anticoagulant treatment: a population study. Ann Neurol. 1984 Nov;16(5):553-8.

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9.  Connolly BJ, Pearce LA, Hart RG. Vitamin K antagonists and risk of subdural hematoma: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Stroke. 2014 Jun;45(6):1672-8.

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10.  Karibe H, Kameyama M, Kawase M, et al. Epidemiology of chronic subdural hematomas [in Japanese]. No Shinkei Geka. 2011 Dec;39(12):1149-53.

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11.  Baechli H, Nordmann A, Bucher HC, et al. Demographics and prevalent risk factors of chronic subdural haematoma: results of a large single-center cohort study. Neurosurg Rev. 2004 Oct;27(4):263-6.

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12.  Giuffrida S, Mancuso P, Lombardo M, et al. Spontaneous subdural hematoma in two cancer patients. Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1987;9:368-371.

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13.  Reyes MG, Homsi MF, Mangkornkanong M, et al. Malignant lymphoma presenting as a chronic subdural hematoma. Surg Neurol. 1990;33:35-36.

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14.  Tseng SH, Liao CC, Lin SM, et al. Dural metastasis in patients with malignant neoplasm and chronic subdural hematoma. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003;108:43-46.

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15.  Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE. Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma. J Trauma. 1982 Aug;22(8):680-6.

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16.  Jamieson KG, Yelland JD. Surgically treated traumatic subdural hematomas. J Neurosurg. 1972 Aug;37(2):137-49.

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17.  Seelig JM, Greenberg RP, Becker DP, et al. Reversible brain-stem dysfunction following acute traumatic subdural hematoma: a clinical and electrophysiological study. J Neurosurg. 1981 Oct;55(4):516-23.

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18.  Tanaka A, Nakayama Y, Yoshinaga S. Cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure in chronic subdural hematomas. Surg Neurol. 1997 Apr;47(4):346-51.

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19.  Apfelbaum RI, Guthkelch AN, Shulman K. Experimental production of subdural hematomas. J Neurosurg. 1974 Mar;40(3):336-46.

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20.  Hylek EM, Singer DE. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Jun 1;120(11):897-902.

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21.  Komatsu Y, Uemura K, Yasuda S, et al. Acute subdural hemorrhage of arterial origin: report of three cases [in Japanese]. No Shinkei Geka. 1997 Sep;25(9):841-5.

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22.  Vos PE, Alekseenko Y, Battistin L, et al; European Federation of Neurological Societies. Mild traumatic brain injury: EFNS guidelines on mild traumatic brain injury. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Feb;19(2):191-8.

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23.  Catana D, Koziarz A, Cenic A, et al. Subdural hematoma mimickers: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2016 Sep;93:73-80.

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24.  Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet. 2001 May 5;357(9266):1391-6.

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25.  Mendelow AD, Timothy J, Steers JW, et al. Management of patients with head injury. Lancet. 2008 Aug 23;372(9639):685-7.

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26.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. June 2017 [internet publication].

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27.  Kemp AM, Rajaram S, Mann M, et al; Welsh Child Protection Systematic Review Group. What neuroimaging should be performed in children in whom inflicted brain injury (iBI) is suspected? A systematic review. Clin Radiol. 2009 May;64(5):473-83.

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28.  Andersen-Ranberg NC, Poulsen FR, Bergholt B, et al. Bilateral chronic subdural hematoma: unilateral or bilateral drainage? J Neurosurg. 2017 Jun;126(6):1905-11.

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29.  Cortiana M, Zagara G, Fava S, et al. Coagulation abnormalities in patients with head injury. J Neurosurg Sci. 1986 Jul-Sep;30(3):133-8.

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30.  Goodnight SH, Kenoyer G, Rapaport SI, et al. Defibrination after brain-tissue destruction: A serious complication of head injury. N Engl J Med. 1974 May 9;290(19):1043-7.

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31.  Harhangi BS, Kompanje EJ, Leebeek FW, et al. Coagulation disorders after traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2008 Feb;150(2):165-75;discussion 175.

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32.  Morais J, De Caterina R. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a clinical perspective on trials of the novel oral anticoagulants. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2016 Apr;30(2):201-14.

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33.  Brem E, Koyfman A, Foran M. Review of recently approved alternatives to anticoagulation with warfarin for emergency clinicians. J Emerg Med. 2013 Jul;45(1):143-9.

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34.  Frontera JA, Lewin JJ 3rd, Rabinstein AA, et al. Guideline for reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and Society of Critical Care Medicine. Neurocrit Care. 2016 Feb;24(1):6-46.

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35.  Rosner MJ, Rosner SD, Johnson AH. Cerebral perfusion pressure: management protocol and clinical results. J Neurosurg. 1995 Dec;83(6):949-62.

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36.  Feldman Z, Kanter MJ, Robertson CS, et al. Effect of head elevation on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral blood flow in head-injured patients. J Neurosurg. 1992 Feb;76(2):207-11.

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37.  Kelly DF, Goodale DB, Williams J, et al. Propofol in the treatment of moderate and severe head injury: a randomized, prospective double-blinded pilot trial. J Neurosurg. 1999 Jun;90(6):1042-52.

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38.  Kerr ME, Sereika SM, Orndoff P, et al. Effect of neuromuscular blockers and opiates on the cerebrovascular response to endotracheal suctioning in adults with severe head injuries. Am J Crit Care. 1998 May;7(3):205-17.

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39.  Kinoshita K. Traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology for neurocritical care. J Intensive Care. 2016 Apr 27;4:29.

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40.  Oertel M, Kelly DF, Lee JH, et al. Efficacy of hyperventilation, blood pressure elevation, and metabolic suppression therapy in controlling intracranial pressure after head injury. J Neurosurg. 2002 Nov;97(5):1045-53.

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41.  Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Bhardwaj A, et al. Use of hypertonic (3%) saline/acetate infusion in the treatment of cerebral edema: Effect on intracranial pressure and lateral displacement of the brain. Crit Care Med. 1998 Mar;26(3):440-6.

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42.  Munar F, Ferrer AM, de Nadal M, et al. Cerebral hemodynamic effects of 7.2% hypertonic saline in patients with head injury and raised intracranial pressure. J Neurotrauma. 2000 Jan;17(1):41-51.

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43.  Rangel-Castilla L, Gopinath S, Robertson CS. Management of intracranial hypertension. Neurol Clin. 2008 May;26(2):521-41.

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44.  Ragland J, Lee K. Critical care management and monitoring of intracranial pressure. J Neurocrit Care. 2016 Dec 28; 9(2):105-12.

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45.  Lewandowski-Belfer JJ, Patel AV, Darracott RM, et al. Safety and efficacy of repeated doses of 14.6 or 23.4% hypertonic saline for refractory intracranial hypertension. Neurocrit Care. 2014 Jun;20(3):436-42.

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46.  Mendelow AD, Teasdale GM, Russell T, et al. Effect of mannitol on cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure in human head injury. J Neurosurg. 1985 Jul;63(1):43-8.

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47.  Erstad B. Critical care pharmacotherapy. Lenexa, KS: American College of Clinical Pharmacy; 2016.

48.  García-Morales EJ, Cariappa R, Parvin CA, et al. Osmole gap in neurologic-neurosurgical intensive care unit: Its normal value, calculation, and relationship with mannitol serum concentrations. Crit Care Med. 2004 Apr;32(4):986-91.

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49.  Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Contant CF, et al. High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1988 Jul;69(1):15-23.

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50.  Tokutomi T, Morimoto K, Miyagi T, et al. Optimal temperature for the management of severe traumatic brain injury: effect of hypothermia on intracranial pressure, systemic and intracranial hemodynamics, and metabolism. Neurosurgery. 2003 Jan;52(1):102-11;discussion 111-2.

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51.  Polderman KH, Tjong Tjin Joe R, Peerdeman SM, et al. Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on intracranial pressure and outcome in patients with severe head injury. Intensive Care Med. 2002 Nov;28(11):1563-73.

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52.  Clifton GL, Coffey CS, Fourwinds S, et al. Early induction of hypothermia for evacuated intracranial hematomas: a post hoc analysis of two clinical trials. J Neurosurg. 2012 Oct;117(4):714-20.

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53.  Timofeev I, Czosnyka M, Nortje J, et al. Effect of decompressive craniectomy on intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal compensation following traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2008 Jan;108(1):66-73.

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54.  Chibbaro S, Tacconi L. Role of decompressive craniectomy in the management of severe head injury with refractory cerebral edema and intractable intracranial pressure. Our experience with 48 cases. Surg Neurol. 2007 Dec;68(6):632-8.

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55.  Procaccio F, Polo A, Lanteri P, et al. Electrophysiologic monitoring in neurointensive care. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2001 Apr;7(2):74-80.

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56.  Mayberg TS, Lam AM. Jugular bulb oximetry for the monitoring of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1996 Oct;7(4):755-65.

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57.  Hoelper BM, Alessandri B, Heimann A, et al. Brain oxygen monitoring: in-vitro accuracy, long-term drift and response-time of Licox- and Neurotrend sensors. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2005 Jul;147(7):767-74;discussion 774.

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58.  Smith JS, Chang EF, Rosenthal G, et al. The role of early follow-up computed tomography imaging in the management of traumatic brain injury patients with intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2007 Jul;63(1):75-82.

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59.  Oertel M, Kelly DF, McArthur D, et al. Progressive hemorrhage after head trauma: predictors and consequences of the evolving injury. J Neurosurg. 2002 Jan;96(1):109-16.

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60.  Brown CV, Weng J, Oh D, et al. Does routine serial computed tomography of the head influence management of traumatic brain injury? A prospective evaluation. J Trauma. 2004 Nov;57(5):939-43.

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61.  Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, et al; Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Author Group. Surgical management of acute subdural hematomas. Neurosurgery. 2006 Mar;58(suppl 3):S16-24;discussion Si-iv.

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62.  Ibrahim I, Maarrawi J, Jouanneau E, et al. Evacuation of chronic subdural hematomas with the Twist-Drill technique: Results of a randomized prospective study comparing 48-h and 96-h drainage duration [in French]. Neurochirurgie. 2010 Feb;56(1):23-7.

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63.  Liu W, Bakker NA, Groen RJ. Chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical procedures. J Neurosurg. 2014 Sep;121(3):665-73.

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64.  Hoffman H, Ziechmann R, Beutler T, et al. First-line management of chronic subdural hematoma with the subdural evacuating port system: institutional experience and predictors of outcomes. J Clin Neurosci. 2018 Apr;50:221-5.

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65.  Santarius T, Kirkpatrick PJ, Ganesan D, et al. Use of drains versus no drains after burr-hole evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 Sep 26;374(9695):1067-73.

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66.  Wilson CD, Burks JD, Rodgers RB, et al. Early and late posttraumatic epilepsy in the setting of traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis and review of antiepileptic management. World Neurosurg. 2018 Feb;110:e901-6.

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67.  Brain Trauma Foundation. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. January 2017 [internet publication].

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68.  Haltiner AM, Temkin NR, Dikmen SS. Risk of seizure recurrence after the first late posttraumatic seizure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997 Aug;78(8):835-40.

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69.  Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Winn HR. Management of head injury. Posttraumatic seizures. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1991 Apr;2(2):425-35.

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70.  Branco PM, Ratilal BO, Costa J, et al. Antiepileptic drugs for preventing seizures in patients with chronic subdural hematoma. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(42):6442-5.

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71.  Chen CW, Kuo JR, Lin HJ, et al. Early post-operative seizures after burr-hole drainage for chronic subdural hematoma: correlation with brain CT findings. J Clin Neurosci. 2004 Sep;11(7):706-9.

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72.  Ratilal BO, Pappamikail L, Costa J, et al. Anticonvulsants for preventing seizures in patients with chronic subdural haematoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD004893.

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73.  Caniano DA, Nugent SK, Rogers MC, et al. Intracranial pressure monitoring in the management of the pediatric trauma patient. J Pediatr Surg. 1980 Aug;15(4):537-42.

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74.  Crutchfield JS, Narayan RK, Robertson CS, et al. Evaluation of a fiberoptic intracranial pressure monitor. J Neurosurg. 1990 Mar;72(3):482-7.

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75.  Narayan RK, Wilberger JE, Povlishock JT. Neurotrauma. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Health Professions Division; 1996.

76.  Huang Q, Dai WM, Wu TH, et al. Comparison of standard large trauma craniotomy with routine craniotomy in treatment of acute subdural hematoma. Chin J Traumatol. 2003 Oct;6(5):305-8.

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77.  Britt RH, Hamilton RD. Large decompressive craniotomy in the treatment of acute subdural hematoma. Neurosurgery. 1978 May-Jun;2(3):195-200.

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78.  Camel M, Grubb RL Jr. Treatment of chronic subdural hematoma by twist-drill craniotomy with continuous catheter drainage. J Neurosurg. 1986 Aug;65(2):183-7.

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79.  Cenic A, Bhandari M, Reddy K. Management of chronic subdural hematoma: a national survey and literature review. Can J Neurol Sci. 2005 Nov;32(4):501-6.

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80.  Almenawer SA, Farrokhyar F, Hong C, et al. Chronic subdural hematoma management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34,829 patients. Ann Surg. 2014 Mar;259(3):449-57.

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81.  Okada Y, Akai T, Okamoto K, et al. A comparative study of the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma - burr hole drainage versus burr hole irrigation. Surg Neurol. 2002 Jun;57(6):405-9;discussion 410.

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82.  Ernestus RI, Beldzinski P, Lanfermann H, et al. Chronic subdural hematoma: surgical treatment and outcome in 104 patients. Surg Neurol. 1997 Sep;48(3):220-5.

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83.  Hamilton MG, Frizzell JB, Tranmer BI. Chronic subdural hematoma: the role for craniotomy reevaluated. Neurosurgery. 1993 Jul;33(1):67-72.

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84.  Weigel R, Schmiedek P, Krauss JK. Outcome of contemporary surgery for chronic subdural haematoma: evidence based review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;74(7):937-43.

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85.  Misra M, Salazar JL, Bloom DM. Subdural-peritoneal shunt: treatment for bilateral chronic subdural hematoma. Surg Neurol. 1996 Oct;46(4):378-83.

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86.  Ransohoff J. Chronic subdural hematoma treated by subdural-pleural shunt. Pediatrics. 1957 Sep;20(3):561-4.

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87.  Kolias AG, Chari A, Santarius T, et al. Chronic subdural haematoma: modern management and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014 Oct;10(10):570-8.

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88.  Prud'homme M, Mathieu F, Marcotte N, et al. A pilot placebo controlled randomized trial of dexamethasone for chronic subdural hematoma. Can J Neurol Sci. 2016 Mar;43(2):284-90.

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89.  Thotakura AK, Marabathina NR. Nonsurgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma with steroids. World Neurosurg. 2015 Dec;84(6):1968-72.

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90.  Emich S, Richling B, McCoy MR, et al. The efficacy of dexamethasone on reduction in the reoperation rate of chronic subdural hematoma - the DRESH study: straightforward study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014 Jan 6;15:6.

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91.  Berghauser Pont LM, Dirven CM, Dippel DW, et al. The role of corticosteroids in the management of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Nov;19(11):1397-403. [Erratum in: Corrigendum. Eur J Neurol. 2015.]

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92.  Henaux PL, Le Reste PJ, Laviolle B, et al. Steroids in chronic subdural hematomas (SUCRE trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017 Jun 5;18(1):252.

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93.  Zhang Y, Chen S, Xiao Y, et al. Effects of dexamethasone in the treatment of recurrent chronic subdural hematoma. World Neurosurg. 2017 Sep;105:115-21.

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94.  Hirashima Y, Kurimoto M, Nagai S, et al. Effect of platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist, etizolam, on resolution of chronic subdural hematoma - a prospective study to investigate use as conservative therapy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2005 Dec;45(12):621-6;discussion 626.

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95.  Hirashima Y, Kuwayama N, Hamada H, et al. Etizolam, an anti-anxiety agent, attenuates recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma - evaluation by computed tomography. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2002 Feb;42(2):53-5;discussion 56.

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96.  Tanweer O, Frisoli FA, Bravate C, et al. Tranexamic acid for treatment of residual subdural hematoma after bedside twist-drill evacuation. World Neurosurg. 2016 Jul;91:29-33.

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97.  Iorio-Morin C, Blanchard J, Richer M, et al. Tranexamic Acid in Chronic Subdural Hematomas (TRACS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016 May 5;17(1):235.

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98.  Koc RK, Akdemir H, Oktem IS, et al. Acute subdural hematoma: outcome and outcome prediction. Neurosurg Rev. 1997;20(4):239-44.

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99.  Yanaka K, Kamezaki T, Yamada T, et al. Acute subdural hematoma: prediction of outcome with a linear discriminant function. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1993 Aug;33(8):552-8.

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100.  Servadei F, Nasi MT, Cremonini AM, et al. Importance of a reliable admission Glasgow Coma Scale score for determining the need for evacuation of posttraumatic subdural hematomas: a prospective study of 65 patients. J Trauma. 1998 May;44(5):868-73.

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101.  Phuenpathom N, Choomuang M, Ratanalert S. Outcome and outcome prediction in acute subdural hematoma. Surg Neurol. 1993 Jul;40(1):22-5.

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102.  Ono J, Yamaura A, Kubota M, et al. Outcome prediction in severe head injury: analyses of clinical prognostic factors. J Clin Neurosci. 2001 Mar;8(2):120-3.

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103.  Zumkeller M, Behrmann R, Heissler HE, et al. Computed tomographic criteria and survival rate for patients with acute subdural hematoma. Neurosurgery. 1996 Oct;39(4):708-12;discussion 712-3.

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104.  Dent DL, Croce MA, Menke PG, et al. Prognostic factors after acute subdural hematoma. J Trauma. 1995 Jul;39(1):36-42;discussion 42-3.

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105.  Amirjamshidi A, Abouzari M, Rashidi A. Glasgow Coma Scale on admission is correlated with postoperative Glasgow Outcome Scale in chronic subdural hematoma. J Clin Neurosci. 2007 Dec;14(12):1240-1.

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106.  Sato M, Endo Y, Takahagi S, et al. Chronic subdural hematoma with bleeding tendency; clinical analysis of 11 surgical cases [in Japanese]. No Shinkei Geka. 1995 Jan;23(1):49-54.

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107.  Stanisic M, Lund-Johansen M, Mahesparan R. Treatment of chronic subdural hematoma by burr-hole craniostomy in adults: influence of some factors on postoperative recurrence. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2005 Dec;147(12):1249-56;discussion 1256-7.

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108.  Reiss G, Andersch G, Handrick W, et al. Percutaneous burrhole trephination of the skull: a study of 519 cases. Neurosurg Rev. 1994;17(3):181-4.

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109.  Frey LC. Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy: a critical review. Epilepsia. 2003;44(suppl 10):11-7.

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110.  Haltiner AM, Newell DW, Temkin NR, et al. Side effects and mortality associated with use of phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis. J Neurosurg. 1999 Oct;91(4):588-92.

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111.  Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Anderson GD, et al. Valproate therapy for prevention of posttraumatic seizures: a randomized trial. J Neurosurg. 1999 Oct;91(4):593-600.

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112.  Choudhury AR. Avoidable factors that contribute to complications in the surgical treatment of chronic subdural haematoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;129(1-2):15-9.

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113.  Stippler M, Smith C, McLean AR, et al. Utility of routine follow-up head CT scanning after mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of the literature. Emerg Med J. 2012 Jul;29(7):528-32.

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