贾第鞭毛虫病的致病机制尚不完全清楚,并有多种假设。 理论包括滋养体寄生或宿主免疫应答激活对肠黏膜刷状缘造成的直接损伤。 动物模型表明虫体寄生对肠道内消化酶活性有影响。[21]Chin AC, Teoh DA, Scott KG, et al. Strain-dependent induction of enterocyte apoptosis by Giardia lamblia disrupts epithelial barrier function in a caspase-3 dependent manner. Infect Immun. 2002 Jul;70(7):3673-80.http://iai.asm.org/content/70/7/3673.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065509?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Adam RD. Biology of Giardia lamblia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jul;14(3):447-75.http://cmr.asm.org/content/14/3/447.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11432808?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Ali SA, Hill DR. Giardia intestinalis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2003 Oct;16(5):453-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501998?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Oberhuber G, Kastner N, Stolte M. Giardiasis: a histologic analysis of 567 cases. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997 Jan;32(1):48-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9018766?tool=bestpractice.com贾第鞭毛虫在缺乏胆酸的小肠内无法生存。由于虫体吸收了胆酸,导致大便油腻、恶臭。
贾第鞭毛虫寄生后会破坏人体肠黏膜上皮单层细胞的紧密连接,增加了上皮通透性[25]Dagci H, Ustun S, Taner MS, et al. Protozoon infections and intestinal permeability. Acta Trop. 2002 Jan;81(1):1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11755426?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Scott KG, Meddings JB, Kirk DR, et al. Intestinal infection with Giardia spp. reduces epithelial barrier function in a myosin light chain kinase-dependent fashion. Gastroenterology. 2002 Oct;123(4):1179-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12360480?tool=bestpractice.com 并导致脂肪吸收障碍。体重减轻以及脂溶性维生素、乳糖和维生素 B12 的吸收障碍常见于慢性贾第鞭毛虫病。儿童可出现生长迟滞。
贾第鞭毛虫在感染细胞后诱发程序性细胞死亡(凋亡)。[27]Eckmann L, Laurent F, Langford TD, et al. Nitric oxide production by human intestinal epithelial cells and competition for arginine as potential determinants of host defense against the lumen-dwelling pathogen Giardia lamblia. J Immunol. 2000 Feb 1;164(3):1478-87.http://www.jimmunol.org/content/164/3/1478.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10640765?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Potoka DA, Upperman JS, Zhang XR, et al. Peroxynitrite inhibits enterocyte proliferation and modulates Src kinase activity in vitro. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003 Nov;285(5):G861-9.http://www.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpgi.00412.2002http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12842830?tool=bestpractice.com 由于上皮吸收表面积的减少导致钠、水和葡萄糖吸收不良,并使双糖酶活性降低。[29]Müller N, von Allmen N. Recent insights into the mucosal reactions associated with Giardia lamblia infections. Int J Parasitol. 2005 Nov;35(13):1339-47.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16182298?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Buret AG, Scott KG-E, Chin AC. Giardiasis: pathophysiology and pathogenesis. In: Olson BE, Olson ME, Wallis PM, eds. Giardia: the cosmopolitan parasite. New York, NY: CABI Pub; 2002:109-27.[31]Gascón J. Epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of traveler's diarrhea. Digestion. 2006;73 Suppl 1:102-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16498258?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Buret A, Hardin JA, Olson ME, et al. Pathophysiology of small intestinal malabsorption in gerbils infected with Giardia lamblia, Gastroenterology. 1992 Aug;103(2):506-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1634068?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Cevallos A, Carnaby S, James M, et al. Small intestinal injury in a neonatal rat model of giardiasis is strain dependent. Gastroenterology. 1995 Sep;109(3):766-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7657104?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Troeger H, Epple HJ, Schneider T, et al. Effect of chronic Giardia lamblia infection on epithelial transport and barrier function in human duodenum. Gut. 2007 Mar;56(3):328-35.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16935925?tool=bestpractice.com