第一选择
多奈哌齐
:
初期5mg口服,每日1次,根据其疗效,在4~6周后增加至10mg/d,根据其疗效,可在3个月后增加至23mg/d
或
利凡斯的明
:
初期1.5mg口服,每日2次,如果可耐受,每2~4周增加3mg/d(分2次服用),最大剂量控制在12mg/d
或
经皮利凡斯的明
:
初始剂量 4.6 mg/24 小时(贴剂),每日一次,4 周后,根据疗效,增加至 9.5 mg/24 小时,必要时可增加至 13.3 mg/24 小时;如果从口服治疗转换或改变胆碱酯酶抑制剂,请咨询专科医生以获得剂量指导
或
加兰他敏
:
4mg口服(速释剂),每日2次,持续4周,根据效果,每4周增加8mg/d(分2次服用),最大剂量24mg/d;初期8mg口服(缓释剂),每日1次,根据效果,每4周增加8mg/d,最大剂量24mg/日
与阿尔茨海默病类似,路易体痴呆的认知功能障碍和行为症状的一线治疗药物为胆碱酯酶抑制剂。[1]McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2017 Jul 4;89(1):88-100.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5496518/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28592453?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Dickson DW. Alpha-synuclein and the Lewy body disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2001 Aug;14(4):423-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11470957?tool=bestpractice.com[38]McKeith IG. Dementia with Lewy bodies. Br J Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;180:144-7.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/180/2/144.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11823325?tool=bestpractice.com[39]O'Brien JT, Holmes C, Jones M, et al. Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (third) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2017 Feb;31(2):147-68.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881116680924http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28103749?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Rolinski M, Fox C, Maidment I, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease dementia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD006504.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006504.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419314?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), Parkinson's disease cognitive impairment (CIND-PD), or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), what are the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.71/full显示答案
3 种常用的胆碱酯酶抑制剂为多奈哌齐、卡巴拉汀和加兰他敏。认知功能改善:有低级别的证据表明,对于路易体痴呆患者,利斯的明能够比安慰剂更有效地改善患者的认知功能分数、整体功能分数或日常生活活动分数。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 胆碱酯酶抑制剂已被证实可以改善患者的认知和行为功能,并且不会明显加重患者的运动症状。[42]Crecelius C. Diagnosis and treatment of non-Alzheimer's dementias. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jul-Aug;4(4 Suppl):H25-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12857366?tool=bestpractice.com[43]Figiel G, Sadowsky C. A systematic review of the effectiveness of rivastigmine for the treatment of behavioral disturbances in dementia and other neurological disorders. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Jan;24(1):157-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18036286?tool=bestpractice.com路易体痴呆和症状改善:有中等级别的证据表明,胆碱酯酶抑制剂可改善路易体痴呆症状。 非盲法试验已经证实了所有3种常用的胆碱酯酶抑制剂的有效性。 但是,只有利斯的明在一项双盲试验中被证明是有效的(认知速度和神经精神症状)。[41]McKeith I, Del-Ser T, Spano P, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet. 2000 Dec 16;356(9247):2031-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11145488?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 仅有少数患者出现了运动症状的恶化。[44]Aarsland D, Mosimann UP, McKeith IG. Role of cholinesterase inhibitors in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2004 Sep;17(3):164-71.http://jgp.sagepub.com/content/17/3/164.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15312280?tool=bestpractice.com 但是,患者可能会出现恶心、呕吐、唾液分泌过多、生动的梦境、嗜睡、体位性低血压、晕厥。[45]McKeith IG, Mosimann UP. Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2004 May;10 Suppl 1:S15-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15109582?tool=bestpractice.com 长期使用胆碱酯酶抑制剂的副作用包括体重减轻、流涕和肌肉痛性痉挛。关于 N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸 (NMDA) 受体拮抗剂美金刚的有效性,存在一些证据。[39]O'Brien JT, Holmes C, Jones M, et al. Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (third) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2017 Feb;31(2):147-68.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881116680924http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28103749?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol. 2007 Jan;14(1):e1-26.https://www.eaneurology.org/fileadmin/user_upload/guidline_papers/EFNS_guideline_2007_management_of_disorders_associated_with_dementia.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222085?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Aarsland D, Ballard C, Walker Z, et al. Memantine in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009 Jul;8(7):613-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19520613?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Emre M, Tsolaki M, Bonuccelli U, et al. Memantine for patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Oct;9(10):969-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20729148?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Johansson CB, Ballard C, Hansson O, et al. Efficacy of memantine in PDD and DLB: An extension study including washout and open-label treatment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;26(2):206-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20665553?tool=bestpractice.com 对已发表文献中的药物反应进行 Meta 分析发现,关于任何治疗策略的高水平证据都不足。然而该分析发现,与多奈哌齐相比,卡巴拉汀具有更多的不良反应,美金刚的耐受性良好,但几乎没有益处。[35]Stinton C, McKeith I, Taylor JP, et al. Pharmacological management of Lewy body dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Aug 1;172(8):731-42.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14121582http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085043?tool=bestpractice.com
多奈哌齐现有一种23mg/d的剂型。 这可能会带来一些益处,但是尚未有相关研究进一步验证其在治疗路易体痴呆中的有效性。
卡巴拉汀已有透皮贴剂剂型可用,但是将其应用于低体重患者时更常出现一些不良反应。可能需要照护者对患者使用贴剂,并监测其依从性。