治疗目的是实现正常造血、预防出现耐药性亚克隆、预防疾病进展累及中枢神经系统 (CNS) 等区域,并清除微小残留病 (MRD)。
通过多药联合、剂量密集化疗方案可以最好地达到以上目标:诱导、巩固和维持治疗。对于罕见晚期和复杂疾病患者有指征进行紧急白血病化疗,例如有较大纵膈肿块或胸腔积液相关症状的患者。部分患者人群可进行早期干细胞移植 (SCT)。[51]Bassan R, Hoelzer D. Modern therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Feb 10;29(5):532-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21220592?tool=bestpractice.com 有关何种皮质类固醇最有效的争议,仍在继续。[52]Inaba H, Pui CH. Glucocorticoid use in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Nov;11(11):1096-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947430?tool=bestpractice.com
扩充的团队起到非常重要的作用,包括临床专科护士。治疗方案需要召开多学科会议进行决定,而且应该鼓励疾病各阶段的患者参加临床试验。由于儿童治疗方案的效果比成人治疗方案的效果好,因此青少年及青年患者(年龄<35-40)应该采用儿童治疗方案。[53]Ramanujachar R, Richards S, Hann I, et al. Adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: emerging from the shadow of paediatric and adult treatment protocols. Ped Blood Cancer. 2006 Nov;47(6):748-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16470520?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Stock W. Adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2010 Dec;(1):21-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239766?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Pui CH, Pei D, Campana D, et al. Improved prognosis for older adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Feb 1;29(4):386-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172890?tool=bestpractice.com 应注意用年龄适宜的方案处理。
风险分层
风险分层的目的是选择高危患者,以进行更密集的巩固治疗并最终进行异体干细胞移植,以提高无病生存率。个体患者的风险取决于各种各样的临床因素和生物学因素,包括年龄、细胞遗传学、白细胞(WBC)计数、免疫表型亚型、对诱导治疗的初始反应以及最近的治疗中特定时间点的微小残留病水平。若患者存在高风险特征,则将其归入高风险患者组:
年龄:没有明确的年龄界限。 小于1岁或大于10岁的儿童为高危患者。 虽然年龄因素的影响是一个连续变量,但大于35岁的成人也是高危患者。[56]Rowe JM, Buck G, Burnett AK, et al. Induction therapy for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of more than 1500 patients from the international ALL trial: MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993. Blood. 2005 Dec 1;106(12):3760-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16105981?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Goldstone AH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, et al. In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993). Blood. 2008 Feb 15;111(4):1827-33.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/111/4/1827.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048644?tool=bestpractice.com
就诊时白细胞 (WBC) 水平:白细胞计数也是一个持续变化的指标,对于急性 B 淋巴细胞白血病患者和急性 T 淋巴细胞白血病患者而言,白细胞计数分别高于临界值 30 x 10⁹/L 和 100 x 10⁹/L 被认为有高风险。
细胞遗传学检测是最强的结局预测因子,现已得到广泛研究。
以下细胞遗传学检测与不良结局有关:[58]Moorman AV, Harrison CJ, Buck GA, et al; Adult Leukaemia Working Party, Medical Research Council/National Cancer Research Institute. Karyotype is an independent prognostic factor in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): analysis of cytogenetic data from patients treated on the Medical Research Council (MRC) UKALLXII/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 2993 Trial. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3189-97.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/109/8/3189.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170120?tool=bestpractice.com
成人急性淋巴细胞白血病最常见的细胞遗传学异常是 t(9;22)(q34;q11),即费城染色体。这些患者常常患有标准化疗耐药的侵袭性疾病。[25]Stock W. Current treatment options for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010 Feb;51(2):188-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20001232?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Watanabe K, Minami Y, Ozawa Y, et al. T315I mutation in Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with a highly aggressive disease phenotype: three case reports. Anticancer Res. 2012 May;32(5):1779-83.http://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/5/1779.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22593461?tool=bestpractice.com 费城染色体阳性 (Ph(+)) 患者出现 T315I 突变与高度侵袭性疾病有关,[25]Stock W. Current treatment options for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2010 Feb;51(2):188-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20001232?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Watanabe K, Minami Y, Ozawa Y, et al. T315I mutation in Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with a highly aggressive disease phenotype: three case reports. Anticancer Res. 2012 May;32(5):1779-83.http://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/32/5/1779.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22593461?tool=bestpractice.com 并且会对标准化疗以及第一代和第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂产生抗药性。
存在髓外病变:诊断时 CNS 受累情况似乎并不影响整体结局中的完全缓解(complete remission, CR) 率、无病生存率 (disease-free survival, DFS) 或总生存率 (overall survival, OS)。
反应速度(即,达到完全缓解所用的时间)。
微小残留病 (MRD)的出现是不良结局的标志物。[59]Bassen R, Spinelli O, Oldani E, et al. Improved risk classification for risk-specific therapy based on the molecular study of minimal residual disease (MRD) in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blood. 2009 Apr 30;113(18):4153-62.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/113/18/4153.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19141862?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Campana D. Minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2010 Dec;(1):7-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21239764?tool=bestpractice.com 几项研究结果表明,若在诱导后持续出现微小残留病,则表示无病生存率较差。[61]Patel B, Rai L, Buck G, et al. Minimal residual disease is a significant predictor of treatment failure in non T-lineage adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: final results of the international trial UKALL XII/ECOG2993. Br J Haematol. 2010 Jan;148(1):80-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19863538?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Holowiecki J, Krawczyk-Kulis M, Giebel S, et al. Status of minimal residual disease after induction predicts outcome in both standard and high-risk Ph-negative adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The Polish Adult Leukemia Group ALL 4-2002 MRD Study. Br J Haematol. 2008 Jun;142(2):227-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18492099?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Brüggemann M, Raff T, Flohr T, et al. Clinical significance of minimal residual disease quantification in adult patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2006 Feb 1;107(3):1116-23.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/107/3/1116.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16195338?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Beldjord K, Chevret S, Asnafi V, et al. Oncogenetics and minimal residual disease are independent outcome predictors in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2014 Jun 12;123(24):3739-49.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/123/24/3739.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24740809?tool=bestpractice.com 推荐通过异体干细胞移植对此类高危人群进行巩固治疗。[65]Gokbuget N, Hoelzer D. Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006 Jan;(1):133-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124052?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Dhédin N, Huynh A, Maury S, et al. Role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in adult patients with Ph-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2015 Apr 16;125(16):2486-96.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/125/16/2486.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25587040?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Bassan R, Spinelli O, Oldani E, et al. Different molecular levels of post-induction minimal residual disease may predict hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outcome in adult Philadelphia-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Cancer J. 2014 Jul 11;4:e225.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4219445/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25014772?tool=bestpractice.com
支持性治疗
这对于处于所有治疗阶段的所有患者来说都很重要。 接近三分之一的成人ALL患者诊断时会出现感染和出血,并且在诱导疗程中会因为骨髓抑制而导致出现相关的感染及出血并发症的风险高。
1. 液体治疗和预防尿酸形成
为预防诱导治疗中出现脱水、电解质紊乱和尿酸盐肾病,应该摄入足够的液体以保证尿量为 100 mL/h。另外,应给予患者别嘌醇以减少尿酸形成或拉布立酶以催化尿酸降解,从而预防肿瘤溶解综合征,[68]Larson RA. Management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in older patients. Semin Hematol. 2006 Apr;43(2):126-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16616046?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Lamanna N, Weiss M. Treatment options for newly diagnosed patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2004 Jan;3(1):40-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695849?tool=bestpractice.com 包括高钾血症、高磷血症、低钙血症、高尿酸血症和肾衰竭。治疗开始后,应频繁检测患者血液。碳酸氢盐可加重转移性钙化,因此一旦高尿酸血症缓解,则不推荐使用碳酸氢盐。进行诱导治疗和输液时,植入式静脉输液港或中心静脉置管是相对具有优势的静脉通路。[65]Gokbuget N, Hoelzer D. Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006 Jan;(1):133-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124052?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Larson RA. Management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in older patients. Semin Hematol. 2006 Apr;43(2):126-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16616046?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Cheson BD, Dutcher BS. Managing malignancy-associated hyperuricemia with rasburicase. J Support Oncol. 2005 Mar-Apr;3(2):117-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15796443?tool=bestpractice.com
2. 血小板计数低和活动性出血患者的管理
与治疗性血小板输注相比,预防性血小板输注可降低出血事件数量。然而,在致命性的出血发作率上没有显著差异。[72]Crighton GL, Estcourt LJ, Wood EM, et al. A therapeutic-only versus prophylactic platelet transfusion strategy for preventing bleeding in patients with haematological disorders after myelosuppressive chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 30;(9):CD010981.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010981.pub2/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26422767?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有活动性出血或血小板计数小于 10 x10⁹/L 的患者,应给予血小板输注治疗。[73]Stanworth SJ, Estcourt LJ, Powter G, et al; TOPPS Investigators. A no-prophylaxis platelet-transfusion strategy for hematologic cancers. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 9;368(19):1771-80.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1212772#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656642?tool=bestpractice.com 推荐输注量为 1 U/10 kg 体重。对于身材中等的成人,输注 6 U 血小板可以使血小板计数增加约 30 x10⁹/L。血小板输注前以及输注后 24 小时,应检查血小板计数。如果怀疑血小板输注无效,则应检测 1 小时血小板的增加量。血小板输注的相关并发症包括发热(应用去白细胞血小板时较少发生);感染;严重过敏反应和低血压。
应使用巨细胞病毒 (CMV) 阴性的血液制品,直到患者的 CMV IgG 状态明确。这样可以降低潜在的同种异体移植前发生巨细胞病毒感染的风险。
3. 预防性抗生素、抗真菌药物及抗病毒药物
诱导化疗期间的患者或中性粒细胞减少、CD4淋巴细胞减少、抗体缺陷,和/或移植所致的多种免疫缺陷的患者,具有感染的高危因素。 应用更强的细胞毒性药物可增加感染的发生率及死亡率。[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Lamanna N, Weiss M. Treatment options for newly diagnosed patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2004 Jan;3(1):40-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695849?tool=bestpractice.com 这些感染大部分是由革兰阴性微生物、革兰阳性细菌(大部分是葡萄球菌)、耶氏肺孢子虫和(较少情况下)侵袭性真菌感染或病毒感染引起的。需要给予患者覆盖所有可能感染的抗菌药物,
在中性粒细胞减少的患者中,预防性应用抗生素可以降低发生革兰氏阴性菌感染的风险并降低这类患者的死亡率,但革兰氏阳性菌感染的比例会增加。
有研究表明,喹诺酮可以有效预防革兰氏阴性细菌感染。[74]Segal BH, Freifeld AG. Antibacterial prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2007 Feb;5(2):235-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17335692?tool=bestpractice.com
甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑或潘他米丁可以降低耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎 (PJP) 的发生率。氨苯砜或阿托伐醌可用作三线或四线药物。
预防性抗真菌药物(例如:氟康唑、伊曲康唑或泊沙康唑)可联合治疗单纯疱疹病毒和水痘带状疱疹病毒的预防性抗病毒药物(例如:阿昔洛韦)。[75]Robenshtok E, Gafter-Gvili A, Goldberg E, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis in cancer patients after chemotherapy or haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 1;25(34):5471-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909198?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does fluconazole compare with amphotericin B for controlling fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1046/full显示答案 [
]In severely immunodepressed people, how does fluconazole compare with nystatin for improving outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1664/full显示答案 应该注意唑类抗真菌药物与细胞毒性药物之间的相互作用。
4. 预防性应用造血生长因子
有研究表明,造血生长因子(例如:粒细胞集落刺激因子[G-CSF或惠尔血]和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子[GM-CSF或沙莫司亭])可以明显加速化疗诱导的骨髓抑制后的中性粒细胞恢复。[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Kager L, Evans WE. Pharmacogenomics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Opin Hematol. 2006 Jul;13(4):260-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16755223?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Ravandi F. Role of cytokines in the treatment of acute leukemias: a review. Leukemia. 2006 Apr;20(4):563-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16498390?tool=bestpractice.com 进一步研究证明,应用这些生长因子可以减少ALL的发热性中性粒细胞减少和严重感染的发生率和持续时间。[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Lamanna N, Weiss M. Treatment options for newly diagnosed patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2004 Jan;3(1):40-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695849?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Ravandi F. Role of cytokines in the treatment of acute leukemias: a review. Leukemia. 2006 Apr;20(4):563-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16498390?tool=bestpractice.com
对发生中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热的高风险患者,应预防性应用集落刺激因子。这些危险因素包括密集化疗、胃肠道黏膜的重度损伤、造血干细胞功能障碍、放射治疗和出现共病。不应在化疗前后 24 小时内应用集落刺激因子,并且禁用于已知对大肠杆菌来源的蛋白质高敏患者。另外,应用首剂集落刺激因子后可能会出现包括呼吸窘迫、缺氧、潮红、低血压、晕厥和/或心动过速在内的综合征(首剂效应)。
5. 中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热的治疗
可通过以下措施在极大程度上预防中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热:避免未消毒的乳制品、未煮熟的肉类和贝类;保持好的身体卫生;使用反向隔离或高效微粒空气过滤器;及预防性应用抗生素。
患者发生中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热的高危因素包括密集化疗、胃肠道黏膜的重度损伤、造血干细胞功能障碍、放射治疗及应用免疫抑制剂的移植受体。[76]Kager L, Evans WE. Pharmacogenomics of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Opin Hematol. 2006 Jul;13(4):260-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16755223?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Ravandi F. Role of cytokines in the treatment of acute leukemias: a review. Leukemia. 2006 Apr;20(4):563-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16498390?tool=bestpractice.com
评估发热性中性粒细胞减少时,需要详细的病史采集、全面的体格检查和早期广泛的诊断性流程。 全面的培养是必须的。[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com
成功治疗需要迅速经验性应用广谱抗生素。[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Lamanna N, Weiss M. Treatment options for newly diagnosed patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2004 Jan;3(1):40-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695849?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Segal BH, Freifeld AG. Antibacterial prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2007 Feb;5(2):235-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17335692?tool=bestpractice.com 庆大霉素或其他氨基糖苷类药物通常联合抗绿脓杆菌头孢菌素(例如头孢他啶)或碳青霉烯类(例如美罗培南)使用,以覆盖抗药的革兰阴性细菌。应监测血清庆大霉素水平,以避免耳毒性和肾毒性。碳青霉烯类单药治疗可能已经足够。
对于血流动力学不稳定的患者、存在导管相关感染的患者或 MRSA 阳性患者以及使用喹诺酮进行预防性治疗的患者,应加用万古霉素或替考拉宁。咽拭子可以识别耐药菌群,可根据当地耐药模式确定确切治疗方案,需要寻求微生物学方面的建议。
如果治疗 3-5 天后发热得到控制,则应完成 7 天的疗程。对于使用抗生素 72 小时内没有反应的患者,应重新进行评估。[75]Robenshtok E, Gafter-Gvili A, Goldberg E, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis in cancer patients after chemotherapy or haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 1;25(34):5471-89.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909198?tool=bestpractice.com 患者应进行胸部 CT 检查,以评估是否出现侵袭性真菌感染(侵袭性念珠菌、侵袭性曲霉菌)。如果有相关症状,应进行脑部或鼻窦 CT 检查。如果怀疑呼吸道真菌感染,应行支气管镜检查并培养支气管肺泡灌洗液。针对曲霉菌的特异性血清检查正在研发中,但不是常规可用。需使用两性霉素 B(脂质体)、伏立康唑或卡泊芬净进行治疗。应根据培养结果决定最终用药。
当使用治疗剂量的广谱抗生素时,需停止预防性抗生素治疗,但应继续使用其他抗菌药物(预防肺囊虫肺炎、病毒和真菌感染)。如果需要治疗剂量的抗真菌药物时,应停用预防性抗真菌药物,但仍应继续使用其他抗感染治疗。一旦完成治疗疗程,对仍存在中性粒细胞减少的患者重新开始使用预防性抗生素。
6. 炔诺酮
7. 保留生育功能
对于青春期后的男性患者,应提供精子冻存。女性患者的选择有限,应与生殖中心进行讨论。卵巢楔形活检正在研究中,应用保存的组织时需考虑到有再发生白血病的可能。[78]Dolmans MM, Marinescu C, Saussoy P, et al. Reimplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is potentially unsafe. Blood. 2010 Oct 21;116(16):2908-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595517?tool=bestpractice.com 刺激卵母细胞以进行卵母细胞或胚胎(如果有合适对象)冻存的时间往往不够。
8. 应进行口腔护理以减少口腔黏膜炎
9. 化疗方案中可能包含右雷佐生 (dexrazoxane),其中多柔比星的累积剂量≥300 mg/m²,目的是预防心脏中毒。[79]Asselin BL, Devidas M, Chen L, et al. Cardioprotection and safety of dexrazoxane in patients treated for newly diagnosed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or advanced-stage lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a report of the Children's Oncology Group Randomized Trial Pediatric Oncology Group 9404. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Mar 10;34(8):854-62.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4872007/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26700126?tool=bestpractice.com
青少年及青年中的急性淋巴细胞白血病
ALL 患儿的情况比成人患者要好得多,据报道,ALL 患儿的治愈率为 80%-90%。越来越多的研究已表明,使用基于儿科治疗方案改进的疗法后,患者结局较佳,特别是对于 <35-40 岁的年轻成人。[80]Rytting ME, Thomas DA, O'Brien SM, et al. Augmented Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster therapy in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Cancer. 2014 Dec 1;120(23):3660-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4239168/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25042398?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Ribera JM, Ribera J, Genescà E. Treatment of adolescent and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 2;6(1):e2014052.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4103503/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25045460?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Ram R, Wolach O, Vidal L, et al. Adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have a better outcome when treated with pediatric-inspired regimens: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hematol. 2012 May;87(5):472-8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0047060/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22388572?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Gökbuget N, Beck J, Brandt K, et al. Significant improvement of outcome in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) aged 15-35 years with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with a pediatric derived adult ALL protocol; results Of 1529 AYAs in 2 consecutive trials of the German Multicenter Study Group For Adult ALL (GMALL). Blood. Nov 2013;122(21):839.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/122/21/839[84]Burke PW, Douer D. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults. Acta Haematol. 2014;132(3-4):264-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25228551?tool=bestpractice.com 这些基于儿科治疗方案改进的疗法通常使用更大累积剂量的药物,例如皮质类固醇、长春新碱、左旋天冬酰胺酶以及中枢神经系统靶向治疗,而更少采用异体干细胞移植。
新诊断:无中枢神经系统疾病
ALL的化疗分为几个阶段,第一阶段为诱导缓解。 第一疗程的目的是根据形态学标准及分子学标记物,实现完全清除白血病。
ALL 的标准诱导治疗方案包括泼尼松、长春新碱、蒽环类药物和/或左旋门冬酰胺酶(在英国,克立他酶)。可能添加环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷和巯嘌呤等其他药物,作为早期强化治疗方案的一部分(例如:大剂量环磷酰胺、长春新碱、多柔比星、地塞米松 [hyper-CVAD])。一般来讲,成人 ALL 经诱导治疗后完全缓解率约为 80%,分子学完全缓解率更低。大约 10%~20% 的成人 ALL 患者不能达到完全缓解(即,难治疾病),10% 的患者会死于治疗。其中超过 2/3 的死亡患者的死因是感染,该比例会随着患者年龄的增长而增加。对治疗无反应的部分缓解患者预后极差。[1]Pui CH, Relling MV, Downing JR. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 8;350(15):1535-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15071128?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Lamanna N, Weiss M. Treatment options for newly diagnosed patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2004 Jan;3(1):40-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695849?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有高白血病负荷(依据白细胞超过 25 x 10⁹/L [25,000/μL] 确定)患者,推荐达到一个谨慎的细胞减少期。通过联合使用皮质类固醇和长春新碱或环磷酰胺可以达到此目的。另外,对于有白细胞淤滞症状的患者,治疗开始前需进行白细胞去除术。开始治疗后,应严密监测患者是否出现肿瘤溶解综合征。[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Lamanna N, Weiss M. Treatment options for newly diagnosed patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2004 Jan;3(1):40-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695849?tool=bestpractice.com
始终推荐患者参加研究所进行的相关临床实验。
中枢神经系统疾病的严重性和高发生率提示需要预防性治疗,这是诱导治疗的一部分。若不这样做,复发率会超过 30%。中枢神经系统白血病的预防治疗可能导致急性或慢性神经毒性,表现为发热、蛛网膜炎、脑白质病和更轻度的亚临床中枢神经系统功能障碍。[42]Pui CH. Central nervous system disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prophylaxis and treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006 Jan;(1):142-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124053?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Sancho JM, Ribera JM, Oriol A, et al. Central nervous system recurrence in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: frequency and prognosis in 467 patients without cranial irradiation for prophylaxis. Cancer. 2006 Jun 15;106(12):2540-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700036?tool=bestpractice.com
Ph(+) ALL 患者可采用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(例如伊马替尼 [第一代])、达沙替尼或尼罗替尼 [第二代] 或帕纳替尼 [第三代])进行治疗。这些制剂针对的是与 Ph(+) ALL 有关的 BCR/ABL 融合蛋白,但是对于携带 T315I 突变的患者来说,只有帕纳替尼有效。临床试验发现,这些制剂在作为标准或密集诱导治疗的一部分使用时,对于 Ph(+) ALL 是安全有效的。[85]Rea D, Legros L, Raffoux E, et al; Intergroupe Français des Leucémies Myéloïdes Chronique; Group for Research in Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. High-dose imatinib mesylate combined with vincristine and dexamethasone (DIV regimen) as induction therapy in patients with resistant Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoid blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2006 Mar;20(3):400-3.http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v20/n3/full/2404115a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437142?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Schultz KR, Bowman WP, Aledo A, et al. Improved early event-free survival with imatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a children's oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 1;27(31):5175-81.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/27/31/5175.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805687?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Schultz KR, Carroll A, Heerema NA, et al; Children’s Oncology Group. Long-term follow-up of imatinib in pediatric Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Children's Oncology Group study AALL0031. Leukemia. 2014 Jul;28(7):1467-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441288?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Foà R, Vitale A, Vignetti M, et al. Dasatinib as first-line treatment for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2011 Dec 15;118(25):6521-8.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/118/25/6521.long?sso-checked=truehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21931113?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Kim DY, Joo YD, Lim SN, et al. Nilotinib combined with multiagent chemotherapy for newly diagnosed Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2015 Aug 6;126(6):746-56.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/126/6/746.long?sso-checked=truehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26065651?tool=bestpractice.com 现已发现,在与剂量密集的 hyper-CVAD 联用时,伊马替尼、达沙替尼和帕纳替尼也是安全有效的。[90]Thomas DA, Faderl S, Cortes J, et al. Treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia with hyper-CVAD and imatinib mesylate. Blood. 2004 Jun 15;103(12):4396-407.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/103/12/4396.long?sso-checked=truehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551133?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Ravandi F, O'Brien S, Thomas D, et al. First report of phase 2 study of dasatinib with hyper-CVAD for the frontline treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2010 Sep 23;116(12):2070-7.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/116/12/2070.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20466853?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Benjamini O, Dumlao TL, Kantarjian H, et al. Phase II trial of hyperCVAD and dasatinib in patients with relapsed Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2014 Mar;89(3):282-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4196860/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24779033?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Jabbour E, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F, et al. Combination of hyper-CVAD with ponatinib as first-line therapy for patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a single-centre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Nov;16(15):1547-55.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4816046/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26432046?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项头对头研究中,对于采用大剂量环磷酰胺、长春新碱、多柔比星、地塞米松 (hyper-CVAD) 治疗的患者,帕纳替尼比达沙替尼更有效。[94]Sasaki K, Jabbour EJ, Ravandi F, et al. Hyper-CVAD plus ponatinib versus hyper-CVAD plus dasatinib as frontline therapy for patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A propensity score analysis. Cancer. 2016 Dec 1;122(23):3650-56.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321539/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27479888?tool=bestpractice.com然而,由于普纳替尼 (ponatinib) 有引起严重不良事件(例如,严重的心血管事件、肝毒性和可逆性后部脑病综合征)的风险,该药仅用于其他酪氨酸激酶抑制剂不适用或无效的患者或具有 T315I 突变的患者。如果发生严重不良事件,则应立即中断普纳替尼,并根据风险获益评估,决定是否重新开始治疗。 对于老年患者(年龄>55 岁),应采用低强度的诱导治疗,使用达沙替尼加上皮质类固醇和长春新碱,这样可能会提高完全缓解率,但在改善总生存率 (OS) 方面的作用可能是有限的。[95]Rousselot P, Coudé MM, Gokbuget N, et al. Dasatinib and low-intensity chemotherapy in elderly patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive ALL. Blood. 2016 Aug 11;1208(6):774-82.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5085255/#!po=2.63158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27121472?tool=bestpractice.com
对于 CD20+ ALL 患者,则应考虑将利妥昔单抗加入标准诱导治疗中。现已证明它能提高无病生存率,特别是对于年轻成人。[96]Maury S, Chevret S, Thomas X, et al. Rituximab in B-lineage adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 15;375(11):1044-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27626518?tool=bestpractice.com
新诊断:有中枢神经系统疾病
中枢神经系统白血病是急性淋巴细胞白血病的主要并发症,诊断时累及 6% 的患者。对于 T 细胞 ALL (8%) 以及成年 B 细胞 ALL (13%) 患者,发病率甚至更高。[42]Pui CH. Central nervous system disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prophylaxis and treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006 Jan;(1):142-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124053?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Lamanna N, Weiss M. Treatment options for newly diagnosed patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2004 Jan;3(1):40-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14695849?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Richards S, Pui CH, Gayon P, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials of central nervous system directed therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013 Feb;60(2):185-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3461084/pdf/nihms378763.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693038?tool=bestpractice.com 一些报告显示,诊断时无论是否患有中枢神经系统疾病,完全缓解率不存在明显差异。[98]Reman O, Pigneux A, Huguet F, et al. Central nervous system involvement in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis and/or at first relapse: results from the GET-LALA group. Leuk Res. 2008 Nov;32(11):1741-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18508120?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Lazarus HM, Richards SM, Chopra R, et al. Central nervous system involvement in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis: results from the international ALL trial MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993. Blood. 2006 Jul 15;108(2):465-72.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/108/2/465.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556888?tool=bestpractice.com 在大多数研究组中,累及中枢神经系统似乎并不会影响无病生存率和总生存率。[100]Thomas X, Boiron JM, Huguet F, et al. Outcome of treatment in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: analysis of the LALA-94 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Oct 15;22(20):4075-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353542?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Petersdorf SH, Kopecky KJ, Head DR, et al. Comparison of the L10M consolidation regimen to an alternative regimen including escalating methotrexate/L-asparaginase for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. Leukemia. 2001 Feb;15(2):208-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11236936?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Kantarjian HM, O'Brien S, Smith TL, et al. Results of treatment with hyper-CVAD, a dose-intensive regimen, in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Feb;18(3):547-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10653870?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Hoelzer D, Thiel E, Löffler H, et al. Prognostic factors in a multicenter study for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. Blood. 1988 Jan;71(1):123-31.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/71/1/123.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3422030?tool=bestpractice.com
存在中枢神经系统疾病的患者接受标准诱导治疗,联合强化鞘内治疗(Ph(+) ALL 患者还要使用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂)。目前推荐的治疗方案包括仅频繁的(一周两次)鞘内甲氨蝶呤治疗或与阿糖胞苷和氢化可的松联用(三联)以及包含系统性治疗(采用大剂量阿糖胞苷 [high-dose cytarabine, HDAC] 或大剂量甲氨蝶呤 [high-dose methotrexate, HDM])的巩固治疗,以确保良好的血脑屏障穿透性。[42]Pui CH. Central nervous system disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prophylaxis and treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006 Jan;(1):142-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124053?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Sancho JM, Ribera JM, Oriol A, et al. Central nervous system recurrence in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: frequency and prognosis in 467 patients without cranial irradiation for prophylaxis. Cancer. 2006 Jun 15;106(12):2540-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700036?tool=bestpractice.com 颅脑或全脑全脊髓照射放疗可考虑用于复发、耐药患者,或将其作为临床试验治疗方案的一部分。若鞘内注射不太可能实现,应考虑通过 Ommaya 储液囊进行脑室治疗。
完全缓解:无复发高风险
诱导缓解后第二个阶段包括巩固和维持治疗。 巩固治疗包括大剂量化疗、多种新药或重新应用诱导治疗。 这个治疗阶段的目的是清除临床检测不到的残留白血病,从而阻止疾病的复发和耐药细胞的发展。 这个治疗可延长白血病无病生存。 巩固治疗基于阿糖胞苷联合蒽环类药物、表鬼臼毒素或抗代谢物。 化疗药物包括替尼泊苷、依托泊苷、安吖啶、米托蒽醌、伊达比星、HDAC(大剂量阿糖胞苷)或中大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HDM)。 另外,除了高危患者外,越来越多的数据支持标危患者进行异基因移植。[104]Ram R, Gafter-Gvili A, Vidal L, et al. Management of adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first complete remission: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer. 2010 Jul 15;116(14):3447-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20564092?tool=bestpractice.com
维持治疗的目的是消除微小残留病,但尚不清楚最佳药物治疗组合。标准的维持治疗以巯嘌呤和甲氨蝶呤为基础。诊断时应评估巯嘌呤甲基转移酶 (thiopurine methyltransferase, TPMT) 表型,以实现巯嘌呤的个性化给药方案。目前,除了成熟 B 型 ALL 外,其他 ALL 亚型患者均推荐使用维持治疗。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂用于治疗 Ph(+) ALL。[18]Hoffman R, Shattil SJ, Furie B, et al. Hematology: basic principles and practice. Vol 1. 4th ed. Orlando, FL: Churchill Livingstone / W. B. Saunders; 2005.[39]Abeloff MD, Armitage J, Niederhuber JE, et al. Clinical oncology. 3rd ed. Vol 1. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2004:3232. 在诱导化疗后,应检查微小残留病,若结果为阳性,增强诱导可能适用,并且可能给予转诊进行异体干细胞移植。
完全缓解:复发风险高
同胞或合适的非亲缘供者来源的异体干细胞移植是目前残留病和复发高风险患者的诱导治疗后密集治疗的首选方法。[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Egerer G, Goldschmidt H, Zoz M, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003 Jan;44(1):9-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12691137?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Mato AR, Luger SM. Autologous stem cell transplant in ALL: who should we be transplanting in first remission? Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006 Jun;37(11):989-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16633362?tool=bestpractice.com 现已报道,同胞供者的异体干细胞移植的无白血病生存率为 45%。[65]Gokbuget N, Hoelzer D. Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006 Jan;(1):133-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124052?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Pui CH, Evans WH. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):166-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407512?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Egerer G, Goldschmidt H, Zoz M, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003 Jan;44(1):9-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12691137?tool=bestpractice.com 推荐消融同种异体移植术在高风险疾病患者首次完全缓解 (CR1) 时进行。[107]Kiehl MG, Kraut L, Schwerdtfeger R, et al. Outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: no difference in related compared with unrelated transplant in first complete remission. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul 15;22(14):2816-25.http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/22/14/2816.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15254049?tool=bestpractice.com 标准风险疾病患者 CR1 期推荐消融同种异体移植术的比例增加。[57]Goldstone AH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, et al. In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993). Blood. 2008 Feb 15;111(4):1827-33.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/111/4/1827.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048644?tool=bestpractice.com[108]Yanada M, Matsuo K, Suzuki T, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as part of postremission therapy improves survival for adult patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a metaanalysis. Cancer. 2006 Jun 15;106(12):2657-63.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.21932/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16703597?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Gupta V, Richards S, Rowe J, et al. Allogeneic, but not autologous, hematopoietic cell transplantation improves survival only among younger adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Blood. 2013 Jan 10;121(2):339-50.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/121/2/339.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165481?tool=bestpractice.com 其与明显的 2 年非复发死亡率有关:高风险患者为 35.8% vs 13.6%(匹配的相关供者 vs 非供者),标准风险患者为 19.5% vs 6.9%。[57]Goldstone AH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, et al. In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993). Blood. 2008 Feb 15;111(4):1827-33.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/111/4/1827.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048644?tool=bestpractice.com 减低强度的异基因移植与非复发死亡率的下降有关。一项欧洲血液和骨髓移植小组 (European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, EBMT) 的回顾性研究显示,CR1 进行同种异体移植的患者的 2 年总生存率为 52%。目前,从 HLA 配型 10 个位点全符合的角度来说,相合的无血缘供者与 HLA 相合的同胞供者实际上等同。
供者干细胞往往从骨髓或外周血中获得。在有血液恶性肿瘤的成人患者中,无论使用骨髓来源还是外周血来源的干细胞,异基因造血干细胞移植后的总生存率近似。[110]Holtick U, Albrecht M, Chemnitz JM, et al. Bone marrow versus peripheral blood allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for haematological malignancies in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 20;(4):CD010189.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010189.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24748537?tool=bestpractice.com 脐带血已成为干细胞的一个替代来源。[111]Park M, Lee YH. Cord blood transplantation for the treatment of acute leukemia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013 Feb;126(4):761-7.http://124.205.33.103:81/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=201321835356660&flag=1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23422203?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析发现,与无血缘的供者骨髓移植 (unrelated donor bone marrow transplant, UBMT) 相比,脐带血移植 (umbilical cord blood transplant, UCBT) 受体的移植失败率和移植相关死亡率更高。[112]Zhang H, Chen J, Que W. A meta-analysis of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplantation versus unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation in acute leukemia patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012 Aug;18(8):1164-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22289799?tool=bestpractice.com 脐带血移植组的急性和慢性移植物抗宿主病的发生率低于无关供者骨髓移植组。[112]Zhang H, Chen J, Que W. A meta-analysis of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplantation versus unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation in acute leukemia patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012 Aug;18(8):1164-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22289799?tool=bestpractice.com UCBT 和 UBMT 患者人群之间的复发率近似,包括患有 ALL 的患者亚组。
一旦有合适的供者,受者应接受化疗以清除骨髓(可能需要放疗)。可给予细胞毒性药物,以达到足够的免疫抑制,因此预防残留宿主细胞对异体移植物的损伤。另外,这样化疗可以破坏任何隐匿的恶性细胞。大部分骨髓移植的清髓预处理治疗方案包括联合放疗和烷化剂或依托泊苷。降低强度的异体移植物使得该治疗可在老年患者及不太适合移植的患者中进行。
干细胞移植后的并发症包括移植物抗宿主病、肺部排异并发症(出现发热、肺部浸润、缺氧和成人呼吸窘迫综合征)和静脉闭塞性疾病。一项多中心、随机、对照的临床试验发现,将抗胸腺细胞球蛋白纳入处理方案中,可在同种异体移植后减少移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD) 的发病率。[113]Kröger N, Solano C, Wolschke C, et al. Antilymphocyte globulin for prevention of chronic graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 7;374(1):43-53.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506002http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735993?tool=bestpractice.com
复发、难治或残留病
没有达到临床缓解的患者或复发患者应考虑挽救治疗。挽救疗法方面没有公认的治疗方法,因此应基于个体患者的体力状态、共病、细胞遗传学、移植选择和首次缓解持续时间来确定。应鼓励患者参加临床试验。
对于复发性或难治性疾病,可考虑挽救疗法联合常规化疗,但通常效果较差。[114]Thomas DA, Kantarjian H, Smith TL, et al. Primary refractory and relapsed adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: characteristics, treatment results, and prognosis with salvage therapy. Cancer. 1999 Oct 1;86(7):1216-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10506707?tool=bestpractice.com[115]Kantarjian HM, Thomas D, Ravandi F, et al. Defining the course and prognosis of adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia in first salvage after induction failure or short first remission duration. Cancer. 2010 Dec 15;116(24):5568-74.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20737576?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Tavernier E, Boiron JM, Huguet F, et al. Outcome of treatment after first relapse in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia initially treated by the LALA-94 trial. Leukemia. 2007 Sep;21(9):1907-14.https://www.nature.com/articles/2404824http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17611565?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Oriol A, Vives S, Hernández-Rivas JM, et al. Outcome after relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adult patients included in four consecutive risk-adapted trials by the PETHEMA Study Group. Haematologica. 2010 Apr;95(4):589-96.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857188/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20145276?tool=bestpractice.com 还有一个选择是免疫疗法;临床试验已表明,对于患有复发性或难治性 B 细胞 ALL 的患者来说,免疫疗法可以带来比化疗更高的总生存率和完全缓解率。下面是一些现已获准用于这些患者的免疫疗法:
博纳吐单抗 (blinatumomab):一种双特性结合性单克隆抗体,可将 CD19 与细胞毒素 T 细胞上的 CD3 结合,导致通过 T 细胞介导的表达 CD19 的白血病细胞的死亡。[118]Kantarjian H, Stein A, Gökbuget N, et al. Blinatumomab versus chemotherapy for advanced acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 2;376(9):836-47.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881572/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28249141?tool=bestpractice.com 细胞因子释放综合征和神经系统毒性是与此制剂相关的严重不良反应。
奥英妥珠单抗 (inotuzumab ozogamicin):针对 CD22 的人源化单克隆抗体,与细胞毒性制剂卡奇霉素 (calicheamicin) 结合。[119]Kantarjian H, Thomas D, Jorgensen J, et al. Results of inotuzumab ozogamicin, a CD22 monoclonal antibody, in refractory and relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2013 Aug 1;119(15):2728-36.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.28136/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633004?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Kantarjian H, Thomas D, Jorgensen J, et al. Results of inotuzumab ozogamicin, a CD22 monoclonal antibody, in refractory and relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2013 Aug 1;119(15):2728-36.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.28136/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633004?tool=bestpractice.com 该制剂可导致严重肝毒性(包括静脉闭塞性肝病)。[120]Kantarjian HM, DeAngelo DJ, Advani AS, et al. Hepatic adverse event profile of inotuzumab ozogamicin in adult patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results from the open-label, randomised, phase 3 INO-VATE study. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Aug;4(8):e387-98.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28687420?tool=bestpractice.com
Tisagenlecleucel:针对 CD19 的嵌合抗原受体 (CAR) 的 T 细胞免疫疗法,通过 T 细胞基因重组来杀死表达 CD19 的白血病细胞。[121]Grupp SA, Kalos M, Barrett D, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 18;368(16):1509-18.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1215134#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23527958?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Maude SL, Frey N, Shaw PA, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1507-17.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1407222#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25317870?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Maude SL, Laetsch TW, Buechner J, et al. Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 1;378(5):439-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29385370?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,食品药品监督管理局 (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 现已批准,仅可通过风险评估和缓解策略 (Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy) 计划对 25 岁及以下难治性或者出现第二次或更多次复发的 B 细胞 ALL 患者使用该制剂。在欧洲,欧洲药品管理局 (European Medicines Agency, EMA) 人用医疗产品委员会 (Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use) 也支持对 25 岁及以下难治性、移植后复发或者第二次或更多次复发的 B 细胞 ALL 患者使用该制剂。此疗法可能导致细胞因子释放综合征这一严重的不良反应。FDA 和 EMA 已批准,若在对 2 岁及以上患者采用 CRA T 细胞免疫疗法时出现严重或致命的细胞因子释放综合征,可以采用托珠单抗进行治疗。
对于患有 ALL 及残余病的成年患者,主要采用的疗法是干细胞移植。