如疑似高血压急症,开展全面诊断评估,同时应立即着手治疗。
高血压急症患者应入住 ICU,持续监测血压并肠外注射适当的治疗药物。[23]Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206-1252.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/42/6/1206.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14656957?tool=bestpractice.com可能需要其他支持性治疗,包括监测颅内压(在罕见的颅内压升高病例中)、插管(若发生呼吸窘迫)、透析(若发生肾衰)。
应根据损害的终末器官、患者并发症及总体临床情况,选择特定注射药物治疗高血压急症。应尽快开始口服治疗以停止注射治疗。几乎没有随机对照试验研究不同静脉注射药物对高血压急症的疗效。因此已发布的指南仅基于常见的临床经验及实践。
美国预防、检测、评估与治疗高血压[23]Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206-1252.http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/42/6/1206.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14656957?tool=bestpractice.com全国联合委员会第七次会议报告指出:高血压急症初始治疗目标为在数分钟至 1 小时内将平均动脉血压降低不超过 25%,如血压稳定,之后 2-6 小时内降至 160 mmHg(收缩压)和 100-110 mmHg(舒张压)。
应避免血压过度下降,否则可导致肾、脑、冠脉缺血。因此,高血压急症或次急症初步治疗时,不可考虑短效降压药硝苯地平。
如初步降压后患者可耐受且病情稳定,随后 24 至 48 小时内可逐渐降至正常血压。
但上述建议不适用于如下情况:
缺血性卒中患者,因无临床试验证据支持即刻抗高血压治疗。
主动脉夹层患者,如可耐受,收缩压应降至 100 mmHg 以下。
应将血压降至可以使用溶栓剂的水平,收缩压应降至 185 mmHg 以下,舒张压应降至 110 mmHg 以下。
急进型高血压(亦称做恶性高血压)是指伴随三级(火焰状出血、斑点出血、硬性及软性渗出物)或四级(视乳头神经水肿)视网膜病变的严重高血压。
高血压性脑病包括伴一过性神经系统症状的恶性高血压,及时治疗并降压可逆转这些症状。
处理颅内出血时,应按照患者自身因素确定最佳血压水平,这些因素包括:基线血压、可能的出血原因、年龄、颅内压升高、距发生出血的间隔。
理论上血压升高可增加破裂的小动脉及微动脉持续出血的风险,但血压、颅内压及出血量之间关系复杂,尚未完全理解。
降压的依据是降低后续出血危险,例如,降低破裂动脉瘤或畸形动静脉出血风险。但是,原发性颅内出血时,特定血管病变并不明显,血压轻微升高的风险较低。所以,积极降压可能导致其他大脑部位缺血,因此降压时必须权衡其风险。[24]Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Stroke. 2007;38:2001-2023.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/38/6/2001.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478736?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG, et al. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:391-399.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18396107?tool=bestpractice.com
颅内出血时,平均动脉压 (MAP) 目标为 130 mmHg,最终维持脑灌注压 (CPP) 高于 70 mmHg。避免血压降至 110 mmHg 以下。
一线药物为拉贝洛尔。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:拉贝洛尔对高血压急症患者降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。如没有颅内压升高迹象,二线治疗药物为硝普钠。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:硝普钠对高血压急症患者的降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。但是,如果颅内压升高或疑似升高,忌服硝普钠,选用其他药物。硝普钠在降低脑血流量的同时增加颅内压,对高血压性脑病或卒中后患者尤为不利。[26]Kondo T, Brock M, Bach H. Effect of intra-arterial sodium nitroprusside on intracranial pressure and cerebral autoregulation. Japanese Heart Journal 1984;25,231-237.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6748223?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Griswold WR, Reznik V, Mendoza SA. Nitroprusside-induced intracranial hypertension. JAMA. 1981;246:2679-2680.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7310961?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Anile C, Zanghi F, Bracali A, et al. Sodium nitroprusside and intracranial pressure. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1981;58:203-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7315551?tool=bestpractice.com肝功肾功不全患者亦不适用硝普钠。另一种二线药物为尼卡地平一个RCT研究显示:相对于静注拉贝洛尔,静注尼卡地平后 30 min 内,达到医师指定的目标收缩压范围的患者比例显著增加。[29]Peacock WF, Varon J, Baumann BM, et al. CLUE: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial of IV nicardipine versus labetalol use in the emergency department. Crit Care. 2011;15:R157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3219031/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21707983?tool=bestpractice.com尼卡地平由于具有扩张冠脉作用尤其适用于心脏病患者。
三线治疗药物为非诺多泮,为选择性外周多巴胺 -1- 受体激动剂,可扩张动脉。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Tumlin JA, Dunbar LM, Oparil S, et al. Fenoldopam, a dopamine agonist, for hypertensive emergency: a multicenter randomized trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:653-662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10905644?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Devlin JW, Seta ML, Kanji S, Somerville AL. Fenoldopam versus nitroprusside for the treatment of hypertensive emergency. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:755-759.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039472?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:非诺多泮对高血压急症患者的降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Tumlin JA, Dunbar LM, Oparil S, et al. Fenoldopam, a dopamine agonist, for hypertensive emergency: a multicenter randomized trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:653-662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10905644?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Devlin JW, Seta ML, Kanji S, Somerville AL. Fenoldopam versus nitroprusside for the treatment of hypertensive emergency. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:755-759.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039472?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。该药尤其适用于伴肾功能不全的高血压患者,此类患者因氰中毒风险限用硝普钠。
对于高血压急症伴急性缺血性卒中患者,降压时尤需谨慎。MAP 降低过快或过多可将CPP降低至理论上可加重脑损伤的水平。可参考以下指南。
如收缩压降至 220 mmHg 以下,舒张压降至 120 mmHg 以下,应密切观察且无需直接干预降压,[32]Bath PM, Krishnan K. Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(10):CD000039.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000039.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25353321?tool=bestpractice.com除非:
可有其他终末器官受累,如主动脉夹层、肾衰竭或急性心梗。
要接受溶栓治疗的患者,目标收缩压要低于 185 mmHg,舒张压低于 110 mmHg。
并发颅内出血时,应控制收缩压于 140 至 160 mmHg之间,和/或平均动脉压于 (MAP) 130 mmHg,同时应维持 CPP 高于 70 mmHg。此外,MAP 不应降至 110 mmHg 以下。
如收缩压高于 220 mmHg 或舒张压介于 121 至 140 mmHg,应使用拉贝洛尔[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:拉贝洛尔对高血压急症患者降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。或尼卡地平,[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Neutel JM, Smith DHG, Wallin D, et al. A comparison of intravenous nicardipine and sodium nitroprusside in the immediate treatment of severe hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1994;7:623-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7946164?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:尼卡地平对高血压急症患者的降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Neutel JM, Smith DHG, Wallin D, et al. A comparison of intravenous nicardipine and sodium nitroprusside in the immediate treatment of severe hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1994;7:623-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7946164?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。使血压在 24 小时内降低 10% 至 15%。
如舒张压高于 140 mmHg,可使用硝普钠,[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com使血压在 24 小时内降低 10% 至 15%。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lau J, Antman EM, Jimenez-Silva J, Kupelnick B. Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for MI. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:248-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614465?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:硝普钠对高血压急症患者的降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
如高血压急症疑似伴有主动脉夹层,降压幅度应更加激进,典型降幅为在 20 min 内收缩压降至 100 至 120 mmHg 之间。
治疗应达到降压及降低左心室收缩速度的双重目的,由此降低主动脉剪切应力,减弱夹层扩散趋势。
一线治疗药物为β受体阻滞剂,静注拉贝洛尔或艾司洛尔均可。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, et al. Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1642-1681.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-lookup/doi/10.1053/euhj.2001.2782http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11511117?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:β受体阻滞剂对高血压急症及主动脉夹层患者疗效不显著。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, et al. Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1642-1681.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-lookup/doi/10.1053/euhj.2001.2782http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11511117?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
二线治疗药物为硝普钠与β受体阻滞剂联合用药。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, et al. Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1642-1681.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-lookup/doi/10.1053/euhj.2001.2782http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11511117?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:β受体阻滞剂对高血压急症及主动脉夹层患者疗效不显著。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, et al. Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1642-1681.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-lookup/doi/10.1053/euhj.2001.2782http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11511117?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。硝普钠需与β受体阻滞剂合用,因硝普钠所致的血管扩张可诱发代偿性心动过速,并减弱作用于内膜瓣的剪切应力。
高血压急症并发心肌缺血或心肌梗死的一线治疗药物为艾司洛尔(选择性β受体阻滞剂)加硝酸甘油(外周血管扩张药,对静脉血管的药理作用大于动脉)联合用药。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lau J, Antman EM, Jimenez-Silva J, Kupelnick B. Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for MI. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:248-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614465?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Bussmann WD, Kenedi P, von Mengden HJ, et al. Comparison of nitroglycerin with nifedipine in patients with hypertensive crisis or severe hypertension. Clin Investig. 1992;70:1085-1088.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1467634?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:艾司洛尔联用硝酸甘油对高血压急症和心肌损伤患者的降压作用证据不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lau J, Antman EM, Jimenez-Silva J, Kupelnick B. Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for MI. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:248-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614465?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Bussmann WD, Kenedi P, von Mengden HJ, et al. Comparison of nitroglycerin with nifedipine in patients with hypertensive crisis or severe hypertension. Clin Investig. 1992;70:1085-1088.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1467634?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
艾司洛尔用于降低心率,硝酸甘油用于降低前负荷及心输出量并增加冠脉血流。
二线治疗药物为拉贝洛尔加硝酸甘油。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lau J, Antman EM, Jimenez-Silva J, Kupelnick B. Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for MI. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:248-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614465?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Bussmann WD, Kenedi P, von Mengden HJ, et al. Comparison of nitroglycerin with nifedipine in patients with hypertensive crisis or severe hypertension. Clin Investig. 1992;70:1085-1088.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1467634?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:拉贝洛尔联用硝酸甘油对高血压急症患者的降压作用证据不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lau J, Antman EM, Jimenez-Silva J, Kupelnick B. Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for MI. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:248-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614465?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Bussmann WD, Kenedi P, von Mengden HJ, et al. Comparison of nitroglycerin with nifedipine in patients with hypertensive crisis or severe hypertension. Clin Investig. 1992;70:1085-1088.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1467634?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
三线治疗药物为硝普钠。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lau J, Antman EM, Jimenez-Silva J, Kupelnick B. Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for MI. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:248-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614465?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:硝普钠对高血压急症患者的降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
伴左心室衰竭和/或肺水肿的高血压急症的一线治疗药物为硝酸甘油。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Bussmann WD, Kenedi P, von Mengden HJ, et al. Comparison of nitroglycerin with nifedipine in patients with hypertensive crisis or severe hypertension. Clin Investig. 1992;70:1085-1088.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1467634?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:硝酸甘油对高血压急症及心肌损伤患者的降压作用证据不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lau J, Antman EM, Jimenez-Silva J, Kupelnick B. Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for MI. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:248-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614465?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Bussmann WD, Kenedi P, von Mengden HJ, et al. Comparison of nitroglycerin with nifedipine in patients with hypertensive crisis or severe hypertension. Clin Investig. 1992;70:1085-1088.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1467634?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
二线治疗药物为硝普钠(为动静脉强力扩张药物,可降低后负荷及前负荷)。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lau J, Antman EM, Jimenez-Silva J, Kupelnick B. Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for MI. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:248-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614465?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:硝普钠对高血压急症患者的降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
如果单药不能控制,应加用袢利尿剂(如呋塞米)。
高血压急症并发急性肾功能衰竭的患者,一线治疗药物为非诺多泮,[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Tumlin JA, Dunbar LM, Oparil S, et al. Fenoldopam, a dopamine agonist, for hypertensive emergency: a multicenter randomized trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:653-662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10905644?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Devlin JW, Seta ML, Kanji S, Somerville AL. Fenoldopam versus nitroprusside for the treatment of hypertensive emergency. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:755-759.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039472?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:非诺多泮对高血压急症患者的降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Tumlin JA, Dunbar LM, Oparil S, et al. Fenoldopam, a dopamine agonist, for hypertensive emergency: a multicenter randomized trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:653-662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10905644?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Devlin JW, Seta ML, Kanji S, Somerville AL. Fenoldopam versus nitroprusside for the treatment of hypertensive emergency. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:755-759.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15039472?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。该药(选择性外周多巴胺 -1- 受体激动剂,同时具有血管扩张作用)尤其适用于肾功能不全患者,因其具有降低后负荷及增加肾灌注的双重作用。二线治疗药物为尼卡地平,为二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂,可增加每搏输出量并强效扩张脑血管及冠脉。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Neutel JM, Smith DHG, Wallin D, et al. A comparison of intravenous nicardipine and sodium nitroprusside in the immediate treatment of severe hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1994;7:623-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7946164?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:尼卡地平对高血压急症患者的降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Neutel JM, Smith DHG, Wallin D, et al. A comparison of intravenous nicardipine and sodium nitroprusside in the immediate treatment of severe hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1994;7:623-628.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7946164?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
交感神经兴奋状态包括:
嗜铬细胞瘤
拟交感神经药,如可卡因、苯丙胺、苯丙醇胺、苯环利定,或单胺氧化酶抑制剂与富含酪胺食物合用。
短效交感神经阻滞剂突然停药后。
如交感神经兴奋状态由拟交感神经药物导致,则一线药物为苯二氮卓类,仅在降压效果不充分时给予抗高血压药物。其他所有临床条件下,一线治疗药物为酚妥拉明(通过抑制α-肾上腺素受体起效)。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:酚妥拉明对有高血压急症的孕妇降压作用证据不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。二线治疗药物为拉贝洛尔加证据 C降压:拉贝洛尔对高血压急症患者降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。硝普钠联合用药。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:硝普钠对高血压急症患者的降压作用证据质量不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。禁止单独服用 β 受体阻滞剂,因 β 肾上腺素受体诱导的血管扩张受到抑制,导致 α 肾上腺素受体产生的血管收缩作用无法抵消,由此导致血压进一步升高。
一线治疗用药为肼苯哒嗪、[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[37]ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;77:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094777?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Magee LA, Cham C, Waterman EJ, et al. Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003;327:955-960.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/327/7421/955http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576246?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Mabie WC, Gonzalez AR, Sibai BM, et al. A comparative trial of labetalol and hydralazine in the acute management of severe hypertension complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70:328-333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3306494?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:肼苯哒嗪对有高血压急症的孕妇降压作用证据不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[37]ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;77:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094777?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Magee LA, Cham C, Waterman EJ, et al. Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003;327:955-960.http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/327/7421/955http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576246?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Mabie WC, Gonzalez AR, Sibai BM, et al. A comparative trial of labetalol and hydralazine in the acute management of severe hypertension complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70:328-333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3306494?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。拉贝洛尔。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[37]ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;77:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094777?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Mabie WC, Gonzalez AR, Sibai BM, et al. A comparative trial of labetalol and hydralazine in the acute management of severe hypertension complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70:328-333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3306494?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Elatrous S, Nouira S, Ouanes Besbes L, et al. Short-term treatment of severe hypertension of pregnancy: prospective comparison of nicardipine and labetalol. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1281-1286.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209278?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:拉贝洛尔对有高血压急症的孕妇降压作用证据不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[37]ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;77:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094777?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Mabie WC, Gonzalez AR, Sibai BM, et al. A comparative trial of labetalol and hydralazine in the acute management of severe hypertension complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;70:328-333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3306494?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Elatrous S, Nouira S, Ouanes Besbes L, et al. Short-term treatment of severe hypertension of pregnancy: prospective comparison of nicardipine and labetalol. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1281-1286.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209278?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。,或尼卡地平。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[37]ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;77:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094777?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Elatrous S, Nouira S, Ouanes Besbes L, et al. Short-term treatment of severe hypertension of pregnancy: prospective comparison of nicardipine and labetalol. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1281-1286.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209278?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Nij Bijvank SW, Duvekot JJ. Nicardipine for the treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: a review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2010;65:341-347.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20591204?tool=bestpractice.com证据 C降压:尼卡地平对有高血压急症的孕妇降压作用证据不足。[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[37]ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;77:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094777?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Elatrous S, Nouira S, Ouanes Besbes L, et al. Short-term treatment of severe hypertension of pregnancy: prospective comparison of nicardipine and labetalol. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1281-1286.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209278?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
血管紧张素转化酶 (ACE) 抑制剂或血管紧张素受体阻断剂 (ARB) 有致畸可能性,硝普钠有胚胎氰化物毒性,孕期避免使用。
这些患者建议维持收缩压于 130 至 150 mmHg,舒张压于 80 至100 mmHg。但这些建议的阈值并无试验支持,应按照患者具体情况进行个体化用药调整。
除了上述一线治疗药物外,建议使用镁辅助治疗,[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[37]ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;77:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094777?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Lucas MJ, Leveno KJ, Cunningham FG. A comparison of magnesium sulfate with phenytoin for the prevention of eclampsia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:201-205.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/4/201http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7791836?tool=bestpractice.com证据 BReduction of BP: there is poor-quality evidence that magnesium may reduce BP in pregnant women with hypertensive emergencies.[13]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.[14]Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000;356:411-417.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10972386?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007;132:1721]. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962.http://www.edictforpressurecontrol.com/pdf/1949_HypertensiveCrises.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565029?tool=bestpractice.com[37]ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;77:67-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094777?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Lucas MJ, Leveno KJ, Cunningham FG. A comparison of magnesium sulfate with phenytoin for the prevention of eclampsia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:201-205.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/4/201http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7791836?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。但最佳镁治疗方案,其起止时间、给药途径未达成一致,但一般于分娩伊始给药。
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