常染色体显性和隐性遗传的典型远端 RTA (I 型) 是由于质子泵基因突变或负责把碳酸氢根从肾小管转移到血液中的阴离子交换基因发生了突变导致。[6]Karet FE. Inherited distal renal tubular acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2178-2184.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/13/8/2178.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138152?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Karet FE, Finberg KE, Nelson RD, et al: Mutations in the gene encoding the B1 subunit of H+-ATPase cause renal tubular acidosis with sensorineural deafness. Nat Genet. 1999;21:84-90.[12]Karet FE, Gainza FJ, Gyory AZ, et al. Mutations in the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger gene AE1 cause autosomal dominant but not autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;14:6337-6342.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9600966?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Bruce LJ, Cope DL, Jones GK, et al. Familial distal renal tubular acidosis is associated with mutations in the red cell anion exchanger (Band 3, AE1) gene. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:1693-1707.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9312167?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Smith AN, Skaug J, Choate KA, et al. Mutations in ATP6N1B, encoding a new kidney vacuolar proton pump 116-kD subunit, cause recessive distal renal tubular acidosis with preserved hearing. Nat Genet. 2000;26:71-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10973252?tool=bestpractice.com
获得性典型的远端肾小管酸中毒可见于各种肾脏疾病,特征改变是间质炎症和损伤。[1]Batlle D, Moorthi KM, Schluter W, et al. Distal renal tubular acidosis and the potassium enigma. Semin Nephrol. 2006;26:471-478.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275585?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Rodriguez Soriano J. Renal tubular acidosis: the clinical entity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2160-2170.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/13/8/2160.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138150?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Kaplan MM. Primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1570-1580.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8900092?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Caruana RJ, Buckalew VM Jr. The syndrome of distal (type 1) renal tubular acidosis. Clinical and laboratory findings in 58 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 1988;67:84-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3127650?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Mason AM, Golding PL. Renal tubular acidosis and autoimmune thyroid disease. Lancet. 1970;2:1104-1107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4097906?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Batlle D, Gaviria M, Grupp M, et al. Distal nephron function in patients receiving chronic lithium therapy. Kidney Int. 1982;21:477-485.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6283233?tool=bestpractice.com 在某些病例中可见肾小管上皮细胞损伤和质子泵缺失。[19]Cohen EP, Bastani B, Cohen MR, et al. Absence of H(+)-ATPase in cortical collecting tubules of a patient with Sjogren's syndrome and distal renal tubular acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;3:264-271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1391725?tool=bestpractice.com[20]DeFranco PE, Haragasim L, Schmitz PG, et al. Absence of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase pump in the collecting duct of a patient with hypokalemic distal renal tubular acidosis and Sjogren's syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;6:295-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7579099?tool=bestpractice.com
高钾血症型远端肾小管酸中毒(IV型)常见于醛固酮缺乏或抵抗的患者。[3]Rodriguez Soriano J. Renal tubular acidosis: the clinical entity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2160-2170.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/13/8/2160.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138150?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Sebastian A, Schambelan M, Lindenfeld S, et al. Amelioration of metabolic acidosis with fludrocortisone therapy in hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:576-583.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18672?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Sebastian A, Schambelan M, Sutton JM. Amelioration of hyperchloremic acidosis with furosemide therapy in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and type 4 renal tubular acidosis. Am J Nephrol. 1984;4:287-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6524600?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Batlle DC, Arruda JA, Kurtzman NA. Hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis associated with obstructive uropathy. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:373-380.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7453754?tool=bestpractice.com[24]DeFronzo RA. Hyperkalemia and hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Kidney Int. 1980;17:118-134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6990088?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Batlle DC. Hyperkalemic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis associated with selective aldosterone deficiency and distal renal tubular acidosis. Semin Nephrol. 1981;1:260-273.[26]Batlle D, Itsarayoungyen K, Arruda JA, et al. Hyperkalemic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Am J Med. 1982;72:188-192.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7036725?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Batlle DC, Mozes MF, Manaligod J, et al. The pathogenesis of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis associated with kidney transplantation. Am J Med. 1981;70:786-796.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6782876?tool=bestpractice.com不完全远端肾小管酸中毒的患者碳酸氢根水平和尿pH正常,也能排泄铵,但他们不能对酸负荷试验产生正常反应。[1]Batlle D, Moorthi KM, Schluter W, et al. Distal renal tubular acidosis and the potassium enigma. Semin Nephrol. 2006;26:471-478.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275585?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Rodriguez Soriano J. Renal tubular acidosis: the clinical entity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2160-2170.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/13/8/2160.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138150?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Brenner RJ, Spring DB, Sebastian A, et al. Incidence of radiographically evident bone disease, nephrocalcinosis, and nephrolithiasis in various types of renal tubular acidosis. N Engl J Med. 1982;307:217-221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7088070?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Higashihara E, Nutahara K, Tago K, et al. Medullary sponge kidney and renal acidification defect. Kidney Int. 1984;25:453-459.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6727141?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Morris RC, Yamauchi H, Palubinskas AJ, et al. Medullary sponge kidney. Am J Med. 1965;38:883-892.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14310004?tool=bestpractice.com
遗传性孤立性近端肾小管酸中毒(II型)与钠-碳酸氢根共转运蛋白基因突变有关,这个转运蛋白负责把碳酸氢根转运回小管周毛细血管。[5]Igarashi T, Sekine T, Inatomi J, et al. Unraveling the molecular pathogenesis of isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2171-2177.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138151?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Igarashi T, Inatomi J, Sekine T, et al. Mutations in SLC4A4 cause permanent isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis with ocular abnormalities. Nat Genet. 1999;23:264-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10545938?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Bernarado AA, Bernardo CM, Espiritu DJ, et al. The sodium bicarbonate cotransporter: structure, function, and regulation. Semin Nephrol. 2006;26:352-360.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17071329?tool=bestpractice.com 碳酸酐酶II缺乏和碳酸酐酶抑制剂抑制了碳酸氢根和碳酸在细胞内的代谢。[3]Rodriguez Soriano J. Renal tubular acidosis: the clinical entity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2160-2170.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/13/8/2160.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138150?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Igarashi T, Sekine T, Inatomi J, et al. Unraveling the molecular pathogenesis of isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2171-2177.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138151?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Sly WS, Hewett-Emmett D, Whyte MP, et al. Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency identified as the primary defect in the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983;80:2752-2756.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6405388?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Sly WS, Whyte MP, Sundaram V, et al. Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency in 12 families with the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcification. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:139-145.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3925334?tool=bestpractice.com
多发性骨髓瘤蛋白和很多药物可引起近端肾小管损伤和近端肾小管酸中毒伴随Fanconi 综合征。[3]Rodriguez Soriano J. Renal tubular acidosis: the clinical entity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2160-2170.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/13/8/2160.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138150?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Igarashi T, Sekine T, Inatomi J, et al. Unraveling the molecular pathogenesis of isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2171-2177.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138151?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Bridoux F, Kyndt X, Abou-Ayache R, et al. Proximal tubular dysfunction in primary Sjogren's syndrome: a clinicopathological study of 2 cases. Clin Nephrol. 2004;61:434-439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15224808?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Isnard-Bagnis C, et al. Drug-induced Fanconi's syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:292-309.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12552490?tool=bestpractice.com
散发性Fanconi 综合征的病因仍不明确,但临床和生理学资料提示其原因或者是megalin功能异常,或者是CLC-5氯通道突变导致了近端肾小管细胞向内转运功能减退。这种缺陷将改变近端肾小管顶膜转运蛋白的循环再利用,并能抑制很多物质的重吸收。[37]Morimoto T, Uchida S, Sakamoto H, et al. Mutations in CLCN5 chloride channel in Japanese patients with low molecular weight proteinuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:811-818.http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/9/5/811.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596078?tool=bestpractice.com一个国际研究小组发现一个家族中常染色体显性遗传性 Fanconi 综合征的病因是一种突变酶 (烯酰辅酶 A,水合酶/3-羟酰辅酶 A 脱氢酶,或 EHHADH) 定位错误,这个突变酶通常与脂肪酸的过氧化物酶体的氧化有关,并表达于近端肾小管。[38]Klootwijk ED, Reichold M, Helip-Wooley A, et al. Mistargeting of peroxisomal EHHADH and inherited renal Fanconi's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:129-138.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401050?tool=bestpractice.com
Fanconi 综合征被认为是一个继发性事件,多继发于很多未治疗的能够影响能量代谢或对微泡再循环代谢有继发性影响的遗传性代谢性疾病。尚无任何通用的方法可以避免 Fanconi 综合征的发生,但某些特定的可遗传原因有特定治疗方式。如在遗传性果糖不耐受患者,避免摄入果糖可以预防Fanconi 综合征的发生,半乳糖血症治疗也应类似的避免摄入奶制品相关食物。[39]Steinman B, Gitzelmann R, Van den Berghe G. Disorders of fructose metabolism. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly SD, et al, eds. The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited disease. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:1489-1520.半胱氨酸治疗能够改善胱氨酸贮积症的预后,铜螯合剂和含锌制剂已在肝豆状核变性中应用,苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸在酪氨酸血症患者中应避免使用。一些糖原贮积病和线粒体疾病常有特殊治疗方法,尽量避免毒物暴露(铅、镉、过期的四环素和甲苯),临床工作人员应知道,有数种抗病毒药物具有线粒体毒性,可能引发 Fanconi 综合征。化疗药物在应用时应更加仔细观察。