活病毒疫苗免疫接种可预防麻疹。麻疹预防:中等质量证据显示单价疫苗或组合的麻疹-流行性腮腺炎-风疹(MMR)疫苗在减少麻疹发生率方面比不接种疫苗更有效。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 WHO 建议 95% 以上的人口需要接种两剂含麻疹成分的疫苗,以维持高水平的人群免疫力,并消除麻疹。[13]World Health Organization. Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan 2012-2020. 2012 [internet publication].http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44855/9789241503396_eng.pdf?sequence=1 虽然不同国家之间有差异,但首剂疫苗通常于约 12-15 个月龄时给予,第 2 次在 3-6 岁。[14]Robinson CL, Bernstein H, Romerso JR, Szilagyi P. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Feb 8;68(5):112-4https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6805a4.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730870?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Public Health England. Complete routine immunisation schedule. July 2017 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-complete-routine-immunisation-schedule在接种者中,单次和二次接种后保护率分别为 95% 和 99%。[9]Strebel PM, Papania MJ, Dayan GH, et al. Measles vaccine. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, eds. Vaccines. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2013:352-87.[12]McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013 Jun 14;62(RR-04):1-34.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6204a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23760231?tool=bestpractice.com
所有 6 月龄至 1 岁的国际旅行者,不论目的地为何,都应在出发前接种一剂含麻疹成分的疫苗,所有 1 岁及以上的国际旅行者,不论目的地为何,都应在出发前接种 2 剂含麻疹成分疫苗(最少间隔 28 天)。[16]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel. New York: Oxford University Press; 2017.https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/measles-rubeola 一项研究发现,符合条件的美国成年国际旅行者中,接种了 MMR(麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹)疫苗的人数不到一半,这增加了归国旅行者输入并传播麻疹的风险。[6]Hyle EP, Rao SR, Jentes ES, et al. Missed opportunities for measles, mumps, rubella vaccination among departing U.S. adult travelers receiving pretravel health consultations. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Jul 18;167(2):77-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505632?tool=bestpractice.com
麻疹疫苗所致高热见于5%-15%的接种者,而短暂性皮疹发生率约为5%。 含麻疹疫苗尤其是麻腮风疫苗接种后,接种者短暂性血小板减少症发生率约为1/25,000-1/2,000,000。[17]American Academy of Pediatrics. Measles. In Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2015:535-47. 脑炎(或脑病)在疫苗接种者中发生率低于百万分之一。[17]American Academy of Pediatrics. Measles. In Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2015 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2015:535-47. 对儿童早期疫苗接种推迟和癫痫发作的一项综述显示,相比依照疫苗接种计划按时接种,推迟到两岁时的 MMR(麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹)疫苗接种会使疫苗接种后癫痫发作的风险增高。 使用 MMRV (麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹、水痘)疫苗时这一相关性的强度翻倍。[18]Hambidge SJ, Newcomer SR, Narwaney KJ, et al. Timely versus delayed early childhood vaccination and seizures. Pediatrics. 2014 Jun;133(6):e1492-9.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/133/6/e1492.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24843064?tool=bestpractice.com 对 MMR 或 MMRV 疫苗免疫接种儿童的另一项大规模队列研究的综述并未发现新的安全性问题,但证实 MMRV 接种婴儿比接种 MMR+水痘疫苗的婴儿在疫苗接种后出现发热和癫痫的风险增高。[19]Klein NP, Lewis E, Fireman B, et al. Safety of measles-containing vaccines in 1-year-old children. Pediatrics. 2015 Feb;135(2):e321-9.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/2/e321.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25560438?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然证据有限,但是麻疹疫苗在HIV感染的儿童中似乎是安全的,疫苗接种应当在感染HIV妇女的儿童中进行,尤其在高危地区,最早可于6个月大时开始而不论儿童的HIV感染情况。[20]Scott P, Moss WJ, Gilani Z, et al. Measles vaccination in HIV-infected children: systematic review and meta-analysis of safety and immunogenicity. J Infect Dis. 2011 Jul;204 Suppl 1:S164-78.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/204/suppl_1/S164.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21666158?tool=bestpractice.com
含麻疹疫苗可与其他注射性或鼻内给予的活病毒疫苗在同一天接种,或者间隔 28 天接种。 与其他非活疫苗的接种间隔时间随意。[21]Kroger AT, Duchin J, Vázquez M. General best practice guidelines for immunization. Best practices guidance of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). February 2018 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/index.html 英国建议 MMR 和黄热病疫苗的接种时间间隔 28 天。[22]Public Health England. Revised recommendations for the administration of more than one live vaccine. April 2015 [internet publication].https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/422798/PHE_recommendations_for_administering_more_than_one_live_vaccine_April_2015FINAL_.pdf
多项研究显示含麻疹的疫苗与孤独症无关。[23]Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD004407.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22336803?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Maglione MA, Das L, Raaen L, et al. Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization of U.S. children: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2014 Aug;134(2):325-37.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/2/325.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086160?tool=bestpractice.com