饮食及运动±心理治疗±药物治疗
单用饮食和运动通常可使体重短期中度下降(5% 至 10%),但复发率可能超过 50%,取决于随访时间的长度。[111]Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, et al. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD003817.http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003817/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054187?tool=bestpractice.com[201]Wadden TA, Butryn ML, Byrne KJ. Efficacy of lifestyle modification for long-term weight control. Obes Res. 2004 Dec;12(suppl):S151-62.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2004.282/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687411?tool=bestpractice.com[202]Wadden TA, Butryn ML, Wilson C. Lifestyle modification for the management of obesity. Gastroenterology. 2007 May;132(6):2226-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498514?tool=bestpractice.com
在饮食和运动基础上添加心理治疗可使减重出现小幅但有统计学意义的增长,但减重的长期维持效果依然较差。[203]Blaine BE, Rodman J, Newman JM. Weight loss treatment and psychological well-being: a review and meta-analysis. J Health Psychol. 2007 Jan;12(1):66-82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158841?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗也可使短期减重出现小幅但有统计学意义的增加,但由于副作用,现有药物的用药者流失率高。[132]Padwal R, Li SK, Lau DC. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD004094.http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004094/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14584004?tool=bestpractice.com[181]Padwal RS, Majumdar SR. Drug treatments for obesity: orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant. Lancet. 2007 Jan 6;369(9555):71-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17208644?tool=bestpractice.com
手术治疗
减肥手术的效果最好,但仅应在病态肥胖情况下实施。[158]Day P. What is the evidence for the safety and effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical interventions for patients with morbid obesity? NZHTA Technical Brief. 2005;4:1-40.http://nzhta.chmeds.ac.nz/publications/morbid_obesity.pdf[204]Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström CD, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 23;357(8):741-52.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa066254#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17715408?tool=bestpractice.com[205]Elder KA, Wolfe BM. Bariatric surgery: a review of procedures and outcomes. Gastroenterology. 2007 May;132(6):2253-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498516?tool=bestpractice.com[206]DeMaria EJ. Bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 24;356(21):2176-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17522401?tool=bestpractice.com[207]Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, et al. Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 23;357(8):753-61.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa066603#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17715409?tool=bestpractice.com 一篇汇集85000个病例的综述报道各式减重手术的30天死亡率是0.28%,亚组分析显示亚组中的死亡率不同。[178]Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, et al. Trends in mortality in bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery. 2007 Oct;142(4):621-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950357?tool=bestpractice.com
胆胰分流及十二指肠转位术减重效果最好(减少≥100%的超重部分的体重),但其并发症包括严重的蛋白质及维生素缺乏。
胃旁路术在减重和患者健康之间的平衡性最好。[206]DeMaria EJ. Bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 24;356(21):2176-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17522401?tool=bestpractice.com 经验丰富的外科医师进行规范随访患者的情况下,患者能达到减重 60-75%的超标体重减少量。 欧洲的胃束带术可获得大约 40% 至 50% 的 EBWL。[208]Favretti F, Segato G, Ashton D, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in 1791 consecutive obese patients: 12-year results. Obes Surg. 2007 Feb;17(2):168-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17476867?tool=bestpractice.com[209]Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, et al; Swedish Obese Subjects Study Scientific Group. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 23;351(26):2683-93.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa035622#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15616203?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,尚无胃束带术的长期有效性和安全性数据。袖状胃切除术的短期结果前景喜人,可获得 50% 至 60% 的 EBWL。[210]Frezza EE. Laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity: the future procedure of choice? Surg Today. 2007;37(4):275-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17387557?tool=bestpractice.com[211]Brethauer SA, Hammel JP, Schauer PR. Systematic review of sleeve gastrectomy as staging and primary bariatric procedure. Obes Surg. 2010 Aug;20(8):1171-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19632646?tool=bestpractice.com[212]Shi X, Karmali S, Sharma AM, et al. A review of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2010 Aug;20(8):1171-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0030084/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20379795?tool=bestpractice.com[173]ASMBS Clinical Issues Committee. Updated position statement on sleeve gastrectomy as a bariatric procedure. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012 May-Jun;8(3):e21-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417852?tool=bestpractice.com[213]Sarkhosh K, Birch DW, Shi X, et al. The impact of sleeve gastrectomy on hypertension: a systematic review. Obes Surg. 2012 May;22(5):832-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22350987?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管证据存有争议,但是,当外科手术失败时,可通过减少胃囊大小进行修正、行胃空肠吻合术,或在单纯限制型手术的基础上加入吸收不良型手术。