大多数主要监管机构不推荐对急性支气管炎使用经验性抗生素治疗,因为该病通常是由病毒引起的,抗生素使用不当可能会导致不良事件和对抗微生物药物耐药。应参考当地的指导性文件。
美国疾病预防控制中心和美国医师协会不推荐对没有肺炎的急性单纯性支气管炎进行常规抗生素治疗。[3]Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A, et al. Appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infection in adults: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:425-434.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2481815http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26785402?tool=bestpractice.com
在英国,英国公共卫生署也不推荐对无共病的急性支气管炎患者进行抗生素治疗,但推荐对存在以下一项且年龄≥ 80 岁的患者或者存在以下两项且年龄≥65 岁的患者使用抗生素:[15]Public Health England. Management of infection guidance for primary care for consultation and local adaptation. August 2017. https://www.gov.uk/ (last accessed 18 August 2017).https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/managing-common-infections-guidance-for-primary-care过去一年曾住院治疗、口服皮质类固醇、糖尿病或充血性心力衰竭。
除了告知疾病自然病程和对症治疗外,可考虑开具延迟处方。[16]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Respiratory tract infections (self-limiting): prescribing antibiotics. July 2008. https://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 18 August 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg69一项队列研究发现,延迟处方可能会减少由病情恶化导致的重复就诊次数。[17]Little P, Stuart B, Smith S, et al. Antibiotic prescription strategies and adverse outcome for uncomplicated lower respiratory tract infections: prospective cough complication cohort (3C) study. BMJ. 2017;357:j2148.http://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j2148.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28533265?tool=bestpractice.com其他研究也支持使用延迟处方策略,因为与即时处方相比,能显著减少抗生素的使用。[18]de la Poza Abad M, Mas Dalmau G, Moreno Bakedano M, et al; Delayed Antibiotic Prescription Group. Prescription strategies in acute uncomplicated respiratory infections: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:21-29.http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2475025http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26719947?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Llor C, Bjerrum L. Antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14:633-642.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27219826?tool=bestpractice.com
一项针对 17 项试验(3936 名参与者)的 Cochrane 评价发现,就治疗急性支气管炎而言,支持使用抗生素的证据有限。一些患者通过使用抗生素治疗可能恢复得更快;然而,这种差异(半天时间,与 8-10 天)并不显著。抗生素可能对某些患者(例如老年人、存在共病的患者)有益,但应权衡该益处与潜在的不良反应以及对耐药性产生的作用。[20]Smith SM, Fahey T, Smucny J, et al. Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD000245.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000245.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28626858?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In people with acute bronchitis, is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of antibiotics?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.450/full显示答案 [
]What are the benefits and harms of azithromycin compared with amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in people with acute lower respiratory tract infections?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.16/full显示答案