治疗的主要目标为:
减少在社交情境中体验到的焦虑
增加对社交情境不舒适感的耐受性
减少逃避和安全行为
提高功能
减少预期焦虑
治疗共病。
英国国家医疗卫生与临床优化研究所 (NICE) 指南建议将个体认知行为疗法 (CBT) 作为社交焦虑障碍的一线治疗。[44]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Social anxiety disorder: recognition, assessment and treatment. May 2013 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg159 NICE指南建议将药物作为二线治疗,因为药物治疗存的依从性不一、治疗磨损 (treatment attrition)、副作用以及潜在的停药症状。
当讨论治疗选择时,医生应考虑过去治疗史、患者偏好、合并症以及成本效益。大量证据支持将血清抗抑郁药或者认知行为疗法 (CBT) 作为社交焦虑症的一线治疗。[2]Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2008 Mar 29;371(9618):1115-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18374843?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Canton J, Scott KM, Glue P. Optimal treatment of social phobia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2012;8:203-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363138/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22665997?tool=bestpractice.com社交焦虑症状、总体焦虑、社会能力以及改善的治疗前后比较方法:有高质量的证据表明认知行为疗法(CBT)或选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)在治疗社交恐惧症儿童时有效。[46]Segool NK, Carlson JS. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral and pharmacologic treatments for children with social anxiety. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(7):620-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17999406?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 尽管一些证据显示接受一定程度的认知行为疗法联合药物治疗的人群复发率可能降低,但是并没有确定联合治疗是否优于单一治疗。[2]Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2008 Mar 29;371(9618):1115-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18374843?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Davidson JR. Pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder: what does the evidence tell us? J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(suppl 12):20-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17092192?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(suppl 1):S1.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/14/S1/S1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081580?tool=bestpractice.com
对儿童和青少年来说,相较于单独药物治疗而言,更倾向于使用认知行为疗法和基于家庭的干预作为一线干预。[49]British Columbia Medical Association Guidelines & Protocols Advisory Committee. Anxiety and depression in children and youth: diagnosis and treatment. January 2010 [internet publication].http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/anxiety-and-depression-in-youth 如果年轻人群对行为干预反应并不理想,那么可以考虑选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)联合认知行为疗法治疗。证据显示,在7到17岁焦虑障碍患者中,联合认知行为疗法和舍曲林治疗效果可能优于单独使用认知行为疗法或舍曲林。[50]Walkup JT, Albano AM, Piacentini J, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. N Engl J Med. 2008 Dec 25;359(26):2753-66.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0804633#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974308?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Ginsburg GS, Kendall PC, Sakolsky D, et al. Remission after acute treatment in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: findings from the CAMS. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011 Dec;79(6):806-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371083/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22122292?tool=bestpractice.com
社交恐惧症个体与其他焦虑障碍、心境障碍或是物质滥用相关障碍共病非常常见,并且可能影响标准干预的反应。
心理治疗
当选择治疗方案时,患者偏好和动机极其重要。对那些选择心理治疗的患者来说,认知行为疗法能有效治疗儿童、青少年以及成人的社交恐惧症。[2]Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2008 Mar 29;371(9618):1115-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18374843?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(suppl 1):S1.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/14/S1/S1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081580?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Butler AC, Chapman JE, Forman EM, et al. The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006 Jan;26(1):17-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16199119?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Ponniah K, Hollon SD. Empirically supported psychological interventions for social phobia in adults: a qualitative review of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2008 Jan;38(1):3-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17640438?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Rowa K, Antony MM. Psychological treatments for social phobia. Can J Psychiatry. 2005 May;50(6):308-16.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/070674370505000603http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15999944?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Beidel DC, Ferrell C, Alfano CA, et al. The treatment of childhood social anxiety disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2001 Dec;24(4):831-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11723636?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Fedoroff IC, Taylor S. Psychological and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Jun;21(3):311-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11386495?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Acarturk C, Cuijpers P, van Straten A, et al. Psychological treatment of social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2009 Feb;39(2):241-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18507874?tool=bestpractice.com改善评定量表的得分:有高质量的证据表明认知行为疗法(CBT)在治疗社交恐惧症中有效。[53]Ponniah K, Hollon SD. Empirically supported psychological interventions for social phobia in adults: a qualitative review of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2008 Jan;38(1):3-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17640438?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Rowa K, Antony MM. Psychological treatments for social phobia. Can J Psychiatry. 2005 May;50(6):308-16.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/070674370505000603http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15999944?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 认知行为疗法为儿童和青少年社交恐惧症的一线干预。[49]British Columbia Medical Association Guidelines & Protocols Advisory Committee. Anxiety and depression in children and youth: diagnosis and treatment. January 2010 [internet publication].http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/anxiety-and-depression-in-youth [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.354/full显示答案 不论恐惧症的严重程度,都建议转诊至擅长认知行为疗法的心理健康专业机构治疗。
认知行为疗法是一种以技术为基础的方法,旨在修正那些导致症状和受损的功能障碍性思维、回避行为以及环境冲突。治疗可以通过个体或团体的形式。但是,一些证据显示个体干预较团体干预效果更好。[58]Aderka IM. Factors affecting treatment efficacy in social phobia: the use of video feedback and individual vs. group formats. J Anxiety Disord. 2009 Jan;23(1):12-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599263?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗至少持续12周。在完成认知行为疗法治疗后的6-12个月随访中,其效果依旧存在。[28]Canadian Psychiatric Association. Clinical practice guidelines: management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;51(8 suppl 2):9S-91S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16933543?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管治疗的主要成分包括系统暴露和认知重构,可能仍需要额外的放松训练来调节躯体症状。[53]Ponniah K, Hollon SD. Empirically supported psychological interventions for social phobia in adults: a qualitative review of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2008 Jan;38(1):3-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17640438?tool=bestpractice.com 暴露疗法包括逐步提高患者对过去所回避的情境的耐受性(如开始会谈、在工作中作报告)。目标是让患者在恐惧情境中呆足够长的时间,以减少恐惧而不存在逃避或回避行为或依赖安全线索(如酒精)。反复、经常、可控、可预测的暴露能够获得最佳疗效。暴露也提供了挑战负面的信念以及锻炼社交技能的机会。在一些案例中,通过重复可控的方式逐步暴露于相关的不舒适的躯体感受(如心动过速、汗湿、脸红)能够减少恐惧信念,提高对这些感觉的耐受性。认知重构包括系统学习如何挑战导致功能失调以及回避的负性信念。一些证据表明在社交焦虑的治疗中,认知重构甚至可能比暴露更为重要。[59]Ougrin D. Efficacy of exposure versus cognitive therapy in anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Dec 20;11:200.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3347982/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22185596?tool=bestpractice.com
社交技能训练并不是社交恐惧症孤立的有效干预。相反,此方法的一些元素(如眼神接触,以简短的聊天开始)通常是认知行为治疗的一部分。[53]Ponniah K, Hollon SD. Empirically supported psychological interventions for social phobia in adults: a qualitative review of randomized controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2008 Jan;38(1):3-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17640438?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,社交技能训练以及让父母参与治疗,对于幼儿来说可能尤为重要。对一些患者来说,基于认知行为疗法原则的自助手册可能更受欢迎,且具有成本-效益。治疗可能还需要家庭成员参与,帮助患者尽可能坚持推荐的干预措施。
基于人群的方法
协调焦虑学习与管理(The Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management, CALM)研究是一个大规模、多中心随机对照试验,在初级医疗保健机构衡量循证干预(认知行为疗法和/或药物治疗)对多种焦虑障碍的效力和效果。相对于常规治疗,参与合作保健CALM模型的患者有更少的焦虑症状、功能失调,且改善了护理质量。[60]Roy-Byrne P, Craske MG, Sullivan G, et al. Delivery of evidence-based treatment for multiple anxiety disorders in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 May 19;303(19):1921-8.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=185888http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20483968?tool=bestpractice.com 在6个月随访时,CALM比常规疗法治疗社交恐惧症更有效。[61]Craske MG, Stein MB, Sullivan G, et al. Disorder-specific impact of coordinated anxiety learning and management treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;68(4):378-88.http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=211217http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21464362?tool=bestpractice.com 增加心理治疗可及性(The Improving Access to Psychological Therapies,IAPT)项目的目的是与国家卫生局协调,提高循证行为干预的可及性,以管理治疗精神问题,包括焦虑。即将获得IAPT服务对社交焦虑的特定影响的研究结果。[62]Clark DM. Implementing NICE guidelines for the psychological treatment of depression and anxiety disorders: the IAPT experience. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;23(4):318-27.http://informahealthcare.com/doi/full/10.3109/09540261.2011.606803http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22026487?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
对于选择药物治疗的患者来说,能有效治疗社交焦虑症的干预包括:选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs)、血清素-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂 (SNRIs)、单胺氧化酶抑制剂 (MAOIs)、某些抗惊厥药(加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林)以及苯二氮卓类药物类药物。[45]Canton J, Scott KM, Glue P. Optimal treatment of social phobia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2012;8:203-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363138/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22665997?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Fedoroff IC, Taylor S. Psychological and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Jun;21(3):311-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11386495?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Williams T, Hattingh CJ, Kariuki CM, et al. Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAnD). Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2017;(10):CD001206.http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001206.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29048739?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Stein DJ, Baldwin DS, Bandelow B, et al. A 2010 evidence-based algorithm for the pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010 Oct;12(5):471-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686872?tool=bestpractice.com改善Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)总分:有高质量证据表明苯乙肼、氯硝西泮和选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗社交恐惧症有效。[65]Blanco C, Schneier FR, Schmidt A, et al. Pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(1):29-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12900950?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 临床实践指南还建议,接受处方药物治疗焦虑的患者应在暴露疗法原则的指导下逐渐面对他们的恐惧。[48]Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al; Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(suppl 1):S1.http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/14/S1/S1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25081580?tool=bestpractice.com 在进行 SSRI/SNRI 治疗之前,应当进行 ECG 检查,并将其作为 QT 长度的基线。
5-羟色胺抗抑郁药
由于坚实的证据基础、更容易接受的副作用、对于抑郁共病有效以及不易滥用,因此为一线药物。[66]Roy-Byrne PP, Veitengruber JP, Bystritsky A, et al. Brief intervention for primary care anxiety: a medication focused approach. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):175-86.http://www.jabfm.org/cgi/content/full/22/2/175http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264941?tool=bestpractice.com[67]de Menezes GB, Coutinho ES, Fontenelle LF, et al. Second-generation antidepressants in social anxiety disorder: meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011 May;215(1):1-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21181129?tool=bestpractice.com
超过20个随机对照试验证明 SSRI 有效,其中舍曲林、帕罗西汀和依他普仑的数据最为坚实。[65]Blanco C, Schneier FR, Schmidt A, et al. Pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(1):29-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12900950?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Ipser JC, Kariuki CM, Stein DJ. Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder: a systematic review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 Feb;8(2):235-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18271710?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS. Pharmacological treatments for panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. In: Nathan P, Gorman JM, eds. A guide to treatments that work. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007:337-66.改善总体临床印象量表(CGI)得分:有高质量的证据表明选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂和5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂治疗社交恐惧症有效。[68]Ipser JC, Kariuki CM, Stein DJ. Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder: a systematic review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 Feb;8(2):235-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18271710?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
氟西汀一致性证据较少,但也是一个有效的选择。[2]Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2008 Mar 29;371(9618):1115-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18374843?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Kobak KA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, et al. Fluoxetine in social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Jun;22(3):257-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12006895?tool=bestpractice.com
SNRI如文拉法辛也同样有效。[71]Liebowitz MB, Gelenberg AJ, Munjack D. Venlafaxine extended release vs placebo and paroxetine in social anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;62(2):190-8.http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/62/2/190http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699296?tool=bestpractice.com改善 Liebowitz 社交焦虑量表(LSAS)总分:有中等质量的证据表明,超过12周文拉法辛或帕罗西汀治疗社交恐惧症有效。[71]Liebowitz MB, Gelenberg AJ, Munjack D. Venlafaxine extended release vs placebo and paroxetine in social anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;62(2):190-8.http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/62/2/190http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699296?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 尽管一些作者认为,产生反应并不需要去甲肾上腺素再摄取阻滞。[2]Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2008 Mar 29;371(9618):1115-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18374843?tool=bestpractice.com 需要有耐心,因为在前8周没有反应的个体有 25% 在 12 周产生反应。[72]Stein DJ, Stein MB, Pitts CD, et al. Predictors of response to pharmacotherapy in social anxiety disorder: an analysis of 3 placebo-controlled paroxetine trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;63(2):152-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11874217?tool=bestpractice.com
在出现反应之后,推荐治疗进行12个月或更久来预防复发。[73]Stein DJ, Versiani M, Hair T, et al. Efficacy of paroxetine for relapse prevention in social anxiety disorder: a 24-week study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;59(12):1111-8.http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/59/12/1111http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12470127?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Montgomery SA, Nil R, Durr-Pal N, et al. A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of escitalopram for the prevention of generalized social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;66(10):1270-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16259540?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Walker JR, van Ameringen MA, Swinson R, et al. Prevention of relapse in generalized social phobia: results of a 24-week study in responders to 20 weeks of sertraline treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Dec;20(6):636-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11106135?tool=bestpractice.com预防复发:有高质量的证据表明对超过12周帕罗西汀、依他普仑和舍曲林反应良好的社交恐惧症患者,在接下来的12周内会继续改善(也就是24周)。[73]Stein DJ, Versiani M, Hair T, et al. Efficacy of paroxetine for relapse prevention in social anxiety disorder: a 24-week study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Dec;59(12):1111-8.http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/59/12/1111http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12470127?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Montgomery SA, Nil R, Durr-Pal N, et al. A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of escitalopram for the prevention of generalized social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Oct;66(10):1270-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16259540?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Walker JR, van Ameringen MA, Swinson R, et al. Prevention of relapse in generalized social phobia: results of a 24-week study in responders to 20 weeks of sertraline treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Dec;20(6):636-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11106135?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
大部分不良反应与剂量调整有时间关系,需要提前与患者商量并且密切监测,以确保依从性。
对行为干预反应不理想的儿童和青少年来说,可以考虑SSRI联合认知行为疗法。证据表明,在7到17岁焦虑患者混合样本中,联合认知行为疗法和舍曲林治疗可能优于认知行为疗法或舍曲林单一治疗。[50]Walkup JT, Albano AM, Piacentini J, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. N Engl J Med. 2008 Dec 25;359(26):2753-66.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0804633#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974308?tool=bestpractice.com
苯二氮卓类药物
由于同时有物质滥用的比例高,社交恐惧症的治疗非常复杂。[76]Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, et al. Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;49(4):282-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1558462?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Kessler KC, Stein MB, Berglund P: Social phobia subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 May;155(5):613-9.https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.155.5.613http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9585711?tool=bestpractice.com 这可能提高苯二氮卓类药物滥用或依赖的风险。[69]Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS. Pharmacological treatments for panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. In: Nathan P, Gorman JM, eds. A guide to treatments that work. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007:337-66. 但是,对于那些对SSRIs不耐受和反应较差的患者来说,如果无物质滥用史,可以考虑苯二氮卓类药物单一治疗作为二线治疗。
治疗社交恐惧症时,超过10周使用强效苯二氮卓类药物氯硝西泮有效。[78]Davidson JR, Potts N, Richichi E, et al. Treatment of social phobia with clonazepam and placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993 Dec;13(6):423-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8120156?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Otto MW, Pollack MH, Gould RA, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of clonazepam and cognitive-behavioral group therapy for the treatment of social phobia. J Anxiety Disord. 2000 Jul-Aug;14(4):345-58.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11043885?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Seedat S, Stein MB. Double-blind, placebo-controlled assessment of combined clonazepam with paroxetine compared with paroxetine monotherapy for generalized social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;65(2):244-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15003080?tool=bestpractice.com改善评定量表得分:有中等质量证据表明,氯硝西泮在超过10周治疗社交恐惧症中有效且耐受性好。[78]Davidson JR, Potts N, Richichi E, et al. Treatment of social phobia with clonazepam and placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993 Dec;13(6):423-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8120156?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 阿普唑仑仅在开放性临床试验中证实有效。[69]Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS. Pharmacological treatments for panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. In: Nathan P, Gorman JM, eds. A guide to treatments that work. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007:337-66.[81]Davidson JR, Tupler LA, Potts NL. Treatment of social phobia with benzodiazepines. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;(suppl 55):28-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8077166?tool=bestpractice.com
需要对患者进行观察,因为生理依赖可能在短短的2到4周内发生。突然停药或快速加量会增加戒断症状发生的风险(如头晕、易激惹、恶心、出汗、震颤、焦虑加重和痫样发作)。长效制剂(如氯硝西泮)能最小化剂量间反弹焦虑。
可联合抗抑郁药治疗更严重的焦虑表现。但是由于可能存在物质滥用,必须密切监控使用以及短期使用。包括儿童和青少年的临床试验支持氟西汀以及苯二氮卓类药物的药效,但是在此年龄组一般不推荐使用。[55]Beidel DC, Ferrell C, Alfano CA, et al. The treatment of childhood social anxiety disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2001 Dec;24(4):831-46.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11723636?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Segool NK, Carlson JS. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral and pharmacologic treatments for children with social anxiety. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(7):620-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17999406?tool=bestpractice.com
单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOIs)
苯乙肼在随机对照临床试验中证实有效。[27]Liebowitz, MR, Schneier F, Campeas R, et al. Phenelzine vs atenolol in social phobia. A placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;49(4):290-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1558463?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Liebowitz, MR, Fyer AJ, Gorman JM, et al. Phenelzine in social phobia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1986 Apr;6(2):93-8.独立评级分析:有中等质量的证据表明苯乙肼较阿替洛尔或安慰剂在8周和16周治疗社交恐惧症中更有效。[27]Liebowitz, MR, Schneier F, Campeas R, et al. Phenelzine vs atenolol in social phobia. A placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;49(4):290-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1558463?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 但是,由于存在明显的不良反应以及高血压危象的风险,需要严格限制饮食(例如酪胺),这使此药物的使用变得更为复杂。[69]Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS. Pharmacological treatments for panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. In: Nathan P, Gorman JM, eds. A guide to treatments that work. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007:337-66.
可逆的MAOI(如吗氯贝胺)改善了不良反应以及安全性,但是有效性证据并不一致,并且在一些国家无货。[83]The International Multicenter Clinical Trial Group on Moclobemide in Social Phobia. Moclobemide in social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;247(2):71-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9177952?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Noyes R, Moroz G, Davidson JR, et al. Moclobemide in social phobia: a controlled dose-response trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Aug;17(4):247-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9241002?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Schneier FR, Goetz D, Campeas R, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of moclobemide in social phobia. Br J Psychiatry. 1998 Jan;172:70-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9534836?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E, et al. Efficacy of citalopram and moclobemide in patients with social phobia: some preliminary findings. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002 Dec;17(8):401-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12457375?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Fahlen T, Nilsson HL, Borg K, et al. Social phobia: the clinical efficacy and tolerability of the monoamine oxidase -A and serotonin uptake inhibitor brofaromine: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995 Nov;92(5):351-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8619339?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Lott M, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, et al. Brofaromine for social phobia: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Aug;17(4):255-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9241003?tool=bestpractice.com 因此为三线治疗。
治疗需要至少12周。[28]Canadian Psychiatric Association. Clinical practice guidelines: management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;51(8 suppl 2):9S-91S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16933543?tool=bestpractice.com
抗惊厥药物
加巴喷丁改善社交恐惧症症状:有中等质量证据表明加巴喷丁超过14周治疗社交恐惧症有效。[89]Pande AC, Davidson JR, Jefferson JW, et al. Treatment of social phobia with gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Aug;19(4):341-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10440462?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 和普瑞巴林改善 Liebowitz 社交焦虑量表(LSAS)总分:有中等质量证据表明,加巴喷丁在超过11周治疗社交恐惧症中有效。[90]Pande AC, Feltner DE, Jefferson JW, et al. Efficacy of the novel anxiolytic pregabalin in social anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled, multicenter study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Apr;24(2):141-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15206660?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 作为单药治疗社交恐惧症均被证明有效。[69]Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS. Pharmacological treatments for panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. In: Nathan P, Gorman JM, eds. A guide to treatments that work. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007:337-66.[89]Pande AC, Davidson JR, Jefferson JW, et al. Treatment of social phobia with gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Aug;19(4):341-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10440462?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Pande AC, Feltner DE, Jefferson JW, et al. Efficacy of the novel anxiolytic pregabalin in social anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled, multicenter study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Apr;24(2):141-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15206660?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Tassone DM, Boyce E, Guyer J, et al. Pregabalin: a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue in the treatment of neuropathic pain, partial-onset seizures, and anxiety disorders. Clin Ther. 2007 Jan;29(1):26-48.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379045?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Feltner DE, Liu-Dumaw M, Schweizer E, et al. Efficacy of pregabalin in generalized social anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Jul;26(4):213-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21368587?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Greist JH, Liu-Dumaw M, Schweizer E, et al. Efficacy of pregabalin in preventing relapse in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled 26-week study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Sep;26(5):243-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21734588?tool=bestpractice.com
考虑到没有滥用倾向,当存在苯二氮卓类药物的禁忌证时,这类 γ-氨基丁酸能药物可当作有效的替代药物成为三线治疗。[66]Roy-Byrne PP, Veitengruber JP, Bystritsky A, et al. Brief intervention for primary care anxiety: a medication focused approach. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):175-86.http://www.jabfm.org/cgi/content/full/22/2/175http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264941?tool=bestpractice.com
治疗需要至少12周。[28]Canadian Psychiatric Association. Clinical practice guidelines: management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;51(8 suppl 2):9S-91S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16933543?tool=bestpractice.com
其他抗抑郁药物
在社交焦虑症中,没有针对三环类抗抑郁药(TCAs)的对照试验。[69]Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS. Pharmacological treatments for panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. In: Nathan P, Gorman JM, eds. A guide to treatments that work. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007:337-66. 在一项开放性研究中证实氯丙咪嗪有效。[94]Beaumont G. A large open multicentre trial of clomipramine (Anafranil) in the management of phobic disorders. J Int Med Res. 1977;5(suppl 5):116-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/598600?tool=bestpractice.com 但是丙咪嗪无效,且耐受性也较差。[95]Simpson HB, Schneier FR, Campeas RB, et al. Imipramine in the treatment of social phobia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998 Apr;18(2):132-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9555598?tool=bestpractice.com
一项对照研究发现米氮平能有效治疗社交焦虑。[96]Muehlbacher M, Nickel MK, Nickel C, et al. Mirtazapine treatment of social phobia in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 Dec;25(6):580-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16282842?tool=bestpractice.com改善社交恐惧症清单量表分数和 Liebowitz 社交焦虑量表(LSAS)总分:有中等质量证据表明,米氮平超过10周治疗社交恐惧症有效。[96]Muehlbacher M, Nickel MK, Nickel C, et al. Mirtazapine treatment of social phobia in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 Dec;25(6):580-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16282842?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
普萘洛尔
已有研究证实 β 受体阻滞剂普萘洛尔单剂用药能有效治疗社交焦虑(例如行为表现焦虑),但临床试验不支持该药的常规使用。[25]Jefferson JW. Social phobia: a pharmacologic treatment overview. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56(suppl 5):18-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7782272?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Muller U, Mottweiler E, Bublak P. Noradrenergic blockade and numeric working memory in humans. J Psychopharmacol. 2005 Jan;19(1):21-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671125?tool=bestpractice.com
并不推荐用于广泛性社交恐惧症,因为多个对照试验证明其并不比安慰剂有效。[27]Liebowitz, MR, Schneier F, Campeas R, et al. Phenelzine vs atenolol in social phobia. A placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;49(4):290-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1558463?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Canadian Psychiatric Association. Clinical practice guidelines: management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;51(8 suppl 2):9S-91S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16933543?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Turner SM, Beidel DC, Jacob RG. Social phobia: a comparison of behavior therapy and atenolol. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994 Apr;62(2):350-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8201073?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Falloon IR, Lloyd GG, Harpin RE. The treatment of social phobia: real-life rehearsal with nonprofessional therapists. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1981 Mar;169(3):180-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7205244?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Stein MB, Sareen J, Hami S, et al. Pindolol potentiation of paroxetine for generalized social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;158(10):1725-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11579011?tool=bestpractice.com
存在共病的患者
抑郁共病
所有社交焦虑患者需进行抑郁筛查,因为这可能见于大约45%的病例中。[76]Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, et al. Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;49(4):282-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1558462?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Kessler KC, Stein MB, Berglund P: Social phobia subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 May;155(5):613-9.https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.155.5.613http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9585711?tool=bestpractice.com
SSRI[97]Schaffer A, McIntosh D, Goldstein BI, et al. The CANMAT task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid anxiety disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;24(1):6-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303519?tool=bestpractice.com 和 SNRI 文拉法辛建议作为两种疾病的一线治疗。[64]Stein DJ, Baldwin DS, Bandelow B, et al. A 2010 evidence-based algorithm for the pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010 Oct;12(5):471-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686872?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Roy-Byrne PP, Veitengruber JP, Bystritsky A, et al. Brief intervention for primary care anxiety: a medication focused approach. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):175-86.http://www.jabfm.org/cgi/content/full/22/2/175http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264941?tool=bestpractice.com
认知行为疗法也能有效治疗抑郁,但是抑郁症状通常在认知行为疗法治疗社交恐惧症的过程中得到改善。[97]Schaffer A, McIntosh D, Goldstein BI, et al. The CANMAT task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid anxiety disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;24(1):6-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303519?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Feldman G. Cognitive and behavioral therapies for depression: overview, new directions, and practical recommendations for dissemination. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2007 Mar;30(1):39-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17362802?tool=bestpractice.com
MAOIs(如苯乙肼)可以作为二线治疗选择。
可能需要转诊至专业治疗焦虑和抑郁的心理健康专家处进行治疗。
焦虑共病
高达 60% 的社交焦虑症患者可能同时存在另外一种焦虑状况,如惊恐障碍或广泛性焦虑障碍。[76]Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, et al. Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;49(4):282-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1558462?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Kessler KC, Stein MB, Berglund P: Social phobia subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 May;155(5):613-9.https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.155.5.613http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9585711?tool=bestpractice.com
SSRI和SNRI文拉法辛推荐作为焦虑障碍(包括社交焦虑)的一线治疗。[64]Stein DJ, Baldwin DS, Bandelow B, et al. A 2010 evidence-based algorithm for the pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010 Oct;12(5):471-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686872?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Roy-Byrne PP, Veitengruber JP, Bystritsky A, et al. Brief intervention for primary care anxiety: a medication focused approach. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):175-86.http://www.jabfm.org/cgi/content/full/22/2/175http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264941?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS. Pharmacological treatments for panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. In: Nathan P, Gorman JM, eds. A guide to treatments that work. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007:337-66.
社交焦虑患者对抗抑郁药不耐受或反应较差,或者存在明显惊恐症状,如果无物质滥用史可以考虑苯二氮卓类药物单药治疗。[69]Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS. Pharmacological treatments for panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and social anxiety disorder. In: Nathan P, Gorman JM, eds. A guide to treatments that work. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007:337-66.
认知行为疗法也能有效治疗焦虑障碍,暴露和认知重构是减少恐惧的常见原则。[28]Canadian Psychiatric Association. Clinical practice guidelines: management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;51(8 suppl 2):9S-91S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16933543?tool=bestpractice.com
MAOIs(如苯乙肼)可以作为二线治疗选择。
推荐转诊至专业治疗焦虑障碍的心理健康专家处进行治疗。
双相障碍共病
开始应使用心境稳定药物治疗。锂或丙戊酸通常被认为是一线心境稳定剂。通常基于疾病特点以及权衡风险/优势后选择药物。[97]Schaffer A, McIntosh D, Goldstein BI, et al. The CANMAT task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid anxiety disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;24(1):6-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303519?tool=bestpractice.com 2018 年,欧洲药品管理局建议,妊娠期间禁止将丙戊酸及其类似物用于治疗双相情感障碍,因胎儿/儿童有出现先天畸形和发育问题的风险。[99]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf 在美国,标准惯例是仅在其他替代药物无法接受或无效的情况下,将丙戊酸及其类似物用于治疗妊娠期与双相情感障碍相关的躁狂发作。在欧洲和美国,除非已实施妊娠预防计划并且符合特定的条件,否则丙戊酸及其类似物不得用于具有生育可能的女性患者。[99]European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. March 2018 [internet publication].http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Valproate_2017_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500246350.pdf
接受锂治疗的患者需要血常规检查来监测治疗的血清浓度以及减少中毒风险。
必须注意开始抗抑郁药治疗双相障碍患者,因为这可能导致躁狂。
认知行为疗法也有效,尽管在躁狂中的有效性并不确定。[28]Canadian Psychiatric Association. Clinical practice guidelines: management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;51(8 suppl 2):9S-91S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16933543?tool=bestpractice.com
双相障碍共病的患者如果不存在物质滥用史,苯二氮卓类药物可以作为比较好的候选。
建议转诊至精神病科医生以行进一步评估和治疗。
物质滥用或依赖史
在社交恐惧症患者中,40%可能有物质滥用或依赖史。[76]Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, et al. Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Apr;49(4):282-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1558462?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Kessler KC, Stein MB, Berglund P: Social phobia subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 May;155(5):613-9.https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.155.5.613http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9585711?tool=bestpractice.com 物质滥用可能用于调节社交焦虑症状以及社交技能缺乏。
如疑似有物质滥用或依赖,在诊断时要对物质滥用进行筛查。推荐用一种类似于认知行为疗法的动机访谈方式,通过非批判的方式来构建物质滥用的基本原理,同时探索患者改善动机和准备状态。[100]Hettema J, Steele J, Miller WR. Motivational interviewing. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:91-111.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17716083?tool=bestpractice.com
作为患者开始减少物质滥用的方式,可同时使用SSRI或文拉法辛治疗。苯二氮卓类药物由于易发生滥用,需要避免使用。
推荐转诊至正规物质滥用机构治疗。