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Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis: clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66:257-261.

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Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635.

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Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, van Steenberghe D, et al. Multidisciplinary breath-odour clinic. Lancet. 1997;350:187.

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Iwu CO, Akpata O. Delusional halitosis: review of the literature and analysis of 32 cases. Br Dent J. 1990;168:294-296.

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Pratten J, Pasu M, Jackson G, et al. Modelling oral malodour in a longitudinal study. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48:737-743.

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1.  Sanz M, Roldan S, Herrera D. Fundamentals of breath malodour. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2001;2:1-17.

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2.  Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis: clinical perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66:257-261.

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3.  Phillips KA, Gunderson C, Gruber U, et al. Delusions of body malodour; the olfactory reference syndrome. In: Brewer W, Castle D, Pantelis C, eds. Olfaction and the brain. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2006:334-353.

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5.  Bishop ER Jr. An olfactory reference syndrome: monosymptomatic hypochondriasis. J Clin Psychiatry 1980;41:57-59.

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6.  Phillips KA, Menard W. Olfactory reference syndrome: demographic and clinical features of imagined body odor. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33:398-406.

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7.  American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

8.  Veale D, Matsunaga H. Body dysmorphic disorder and olfactory reference disorder: proposals for ICD-11. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2014;36(suppl 1):14-20.

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9.  Tessier JF, Kulkarni GV. Bad breath: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Oral Health. 1991;81:19-22, 24.

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10.  Rosenberg M, Knaan T, Cohen D. Association among bad breath, body mass index, and alcohol intake. J Dent Res. 2007;86:997-1000.

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11.  Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ. 2006;333:632-635.

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12.  Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, van Steenberghe D, et al. Multidisciplinary breath-odour clinic. Lancet. 1997;350:187.

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13.  Moshkowitz M, Horowitz N, Leshno M, et al. Halitosis and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a possible association. Oral Dis. 2007;13:581-585.

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14.  Rio AC, Franchi-Texeira AR, Nicola EM. Relationship between the presence of tonsilloliths and halitosis in patients with chronic caseous tonsillitis. Br Dent J. 2008;204:E4.

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15.  Scully C, Greenman J. Halitology (breath odour: aetiopathogenesis and management). Oral Dis. 2012;18:333-345.

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16.  Awano S, Gohara K, Kurihara E, et al. The relationship between the presence of periodontopathogenic bacteria in saliva and halitosis. Int Dent J. 2002;52:212-216.

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17.  Morita M, Wang HL. Association between oral malodor and adult periodontitis: a review. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28:813-819.

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18.  Mudd SH, Levy HL, Tangerman A, et al. Isolated persistent hypermethioninemia. Am J Hum Genet. 1995;57:882-892.

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19.  Mitchell, S. Trimethylaminuria (fish-odour syndrome) and oral malodour. Oral Dis. 2005;11(suppl 1):S10-S13.

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20.  Murata T, Fujiyama Y, Yamaga T, et al. Breath malodor in an asthmatic patient caused by side-effects of medication: a case report and review of the literature. Oral Dis. 2003;9:273-276.

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21.  Porter SR. Diet and halitosis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14:463-468.

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22.  Eli I, Baht R, Koriat H, et al. Self-perception of breath odor. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132:621-626.

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23.  Iwu CO, Akpata O. Delusional halitosis: review of the literature and analysis of 32 cases. Br Dent J. 1990;168:294-296.

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24.  Nachnani S, Majerus G, Lenton P, et al. Effects of training on odor judges scoring intensity. Oral Dis. 2005;11(suppl 1):S40-S44.

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25.  Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Measurement of oral malodor: current methods and future prospects. J Periodontol. 1992;63:776-782.

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26.  Mitsubayashi K, Minamide T, Otsuka K, et al. Optical bio-sniffer for methyl mercaptan in halitosis. Anal Chim Acta. 2006:28:573-574.

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27.  Ross BM, Dadgostar N, Bloom M, et al. The analysis of oral air using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry in persons with and without a history of oral malodour. Int J Dent Hyg. 2009;7:136-143.

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28.  Kato H, Yoshida A, Awano S, et al. Quantitative detection of volatile sulfur compound-producing microoorganisms in oral specimens using real-time PCR. Oral Dis. 2005;11:67-71.

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29.  Riggio MP, Lennon A, Rolph HJ, et al. Molecular identification of bacteria on the tongue dorsum of subjects with and without halitosis. Oral Dis. 2008;14:251-258.

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30.  Hasler WL. Garlic breath explained: why brushing your teeth won't help. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:1248-1250.

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31.  de Souza RF, de Freitas Oliveira Paranhos H, Lovato da Silva CH, et al. Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD007395.

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32.  Blom T, Slot DE, Quirynen M, et al. The effect of mouthrinses on oral malodor: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2012;10:209-222.

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33.  Pratten J, Pasu M, Jackson G, et al. Modelling oral malodour in a longitudinal study. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48:737-743.

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34.  Quirynen M, Mongardini C, van Steenberghe D. The effect of a 1-stage full-mouth disinfection on oral malodor and microbial colonization of the tongue in periodontitis: a pilot study. J Periodontol. 1998;69:374-382.

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35.  Thrane PS, Young A, Jonski G, et al. A new mouthwash combining zinc and chlorhexidine in low concentrations provides superior efficacy against halitosis compared to existing formulations: a double-blind clinical study. J Clin Dent. 2007;18:82-86.

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36.  Winkel EG, Roldan S, Van Winkelhoff AJ, et al. Clinical effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc-lactate on oral halitosis: a dual-center, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30:300-306.

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37.  Young A, Jonski G, Rolla G. A study of triclosan and its solubilizers as inhibitors of oral malodour. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29:1078-1081.

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38.  Niles HP, Hunter C, Vazquez J, et al. The clinical comparison of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice vs a breath-freshening dentifrice in reducing breath odor overnight: a crossover study. Oral Dis. 2005;11(suppl 1):S54-S56.

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39.  Hu D, Zhang YP, Petrone M, et al. Clinical effectiveness of a triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride dentifrice in controlling oral malodor: a 3-week clinical trial. Oral Dis. 2005;11(suppl 1):S51-S53.

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40.  Koslovsky A, Goldberg S, Natour I, et al. Efficacy of a 2-phase oil:water mouthrinse in controlling oral malodor, gingivitis, and plaque. J Periodontol. 1996;67:577-582.

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41.  Borden LC, Chaves ES, Bowman JP, et al. The effect of four mouthrinses on oral malodor. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2002;23:531-536.

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42.  Frascella J, Gilbert RD, Fernandez P, et al. Efficacy of a chlorine dioxide-containing mouthrinse in oral malodor. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000;21:241-244.

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43.  Farrell S, Barker ML, Gerlach RW. Overnight malodor effect with a 0.454% stabilized stannous fluoride sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2007;28:658-661.

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44.  Ademovski SE, Persson GR, Winkel E, et al. The short-term treatment effects on the microbiota at the dorsum of the tongue in intra-oral halitosis patients - a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17:463-473.

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45.  Dadamio J, Van Tournout M, Teughels W, et al. Efficacy of different mouthrinse formulations in reducing oral malodour: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:505-513.

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46.  Barak S, Katz J. The effect of Breezy candy on halitosis: a double-blind, controlled, and randomized study. Quintessence Int. 2012;43:313-317.

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47.  Louis J, Moyer J, Angelini J, et al. Metronidazole oral rinse helps to alleviate odor associated with oral lesions. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1997;24:1331.

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48.  Pham TA, Ueno M, Zaitsu T, et al. Clinical trial of oral malodor treatment in patients with periodontal diseases. J Periodontal Res. 2011;46:722-729.

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49.  Kuo YW, Yen M, Fetzer S, et al. Toothbrushing versus toothbrushing plus tongue cleaning in reducing halitosis and tongue coating: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurs Res. 2013;62:422-429.

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50.  Wilhelm D, Himmelmann A, Krause C, et al. Short term clinical efficacy of new meridol HALITOSIS tooth & tongue gel in combination with a tongue cleaner to reduce oral malodor. J Clin Dent. 2013;24:12-19.

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51.  Wilhelm D, Himmelmann A, Axmann EM, et al. Clinical efficacy of a new tooth and tongue gel applied with a tongue cleaner in reducing oral halitosis. Quintessence Int. 2012;43:709-718.

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52.  Sterer N, Ovadia O, Weiss EI, et al. Day-long reduction of oral malodor by a palatal mucoadhesive tablet containing herbal formulation. J Breath Res. 2013;7:026004.

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53.  Greenberg M, Urnezis P, Tian M. Compressed mints and chewing gum containing magnolia bark extract are effective against bacteria responsible for oral malodor. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:9465-9469.

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54.  Suzuki N, Tanabe K, Takeshita T, et al. Effects of oil drops containing Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 on periodontal health and oral microbiota producing volatile sulfur compounds. J Breath Res. 2012;6:017106.

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55.  Sterer N, Rosenberg M. Effect of deglycosylation of salivary glycoproteins on oral malodour production. Int Dent J. 2002;52(suppl 3):S229-S232.

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56.  Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Tagg JR. The rationale and potential for the reduction of oral malodour using Streptococcus salivarius probiotics. Oral Dis. 2005;11(suppl 1):S29-S31.

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57.  Sterer N, Feuerstein O. Effect of visible light on malodour production by mixed oral microflora. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54:1225-1229.

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58.  Krespi YP, Slatkine M, Marchenko M, et al. Lethal photosensitization of oral pathogens via red-filtered halogen lamp. Oral Dis. 2005;11(suppl 1):S92-S95.

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59.  Lodhia P, Yaegaki K, Khakbaznejad A, et al. Effect of green tea on volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008;54:89-94.

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60.  Xu X, Zhou XD, Wu CD. Tea catechin EGCg suppresses the mgl gene associated with halitosis. J Dent Res. 2010;89:1304-1308.

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