本病特征是血管痉挛和内皮细胞功能障碍,伴有不同程度的肝脏缺血损害、微血管病溶血性贫血和血小板减少症。血管变化主要影响肝脏,肝脏灌注下降可通过多普勒检查证实。[12]Kawabata L, Nakai A, Takeshita T. Prediction of HELLP syndrome with assessment of maternal dual hepatic blood supply by using Doppler ultrasound. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006;274:303-309.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16680464?tool=bestpractice.com 该损害可能导致肝实质内出血和/或肝包膜下血肿,罕见情况下,会导致肝脏梗死。
在 HELLP 综合征的发病机制中,肝脏具有重要地位。各种门静脉周围肝细胞功能障碍和死亡/凋亡导致门静脉周围坏死。不同患者之间,坏死的差异很大,并且在疾病发展过程的早期就已开始。[13]Darby M, Martin JN Jr, Mitchell SQ, et al. Liver bleeding in patients with HELLP syndrome: pathogenesis and implications for preventive therapy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;123:7-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23871223?tool=bestpractice.com 这很可能与胎盘衍生和释放的体液、炎症和抗血管生成因子的数量和类型相关。[14]Abildgaard U, Heimdal K. Pathogenesis of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP): a review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;166:117-123.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23107053?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Wallace K, Martin JN Jr, Tam Tam K, et al. Seeking the mechanism(s) of action for corticosteroids in HELLP syndrome: SMASH study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208:380;e1-e8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380266?tool=bestpractice.com 急性妊娠期脂肪肝是一种严重妊娠并发症,可能与胎儿脂肪酸氧化缺陷和孕妇肝脏损害/衰竭相关,与之相比,很少有证据提示胎儿脂肪酸氧化紊乱导致孕妇发生 HELLP 综合征。[11]Martin JN Jr, Owens MY. Preeclampsia-eclampsia y syndrome de HELLP. In: Romero Arauz JF, Tena Alavez G, Jimenez Solis GA, eds. Preeclampsia - enfermedades hipertensivas del embarazo [in Spanish]. Mexico: McGraw Hill; 2012.
特征性组织学变化包括:[16]Mihu D, Costin N, Mihu CM, et al. HELLP syndrome: a multisystemic disorder. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16:419-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18193124?tool=bestpractice.com
门静脉周围出血和坏死
局灶性实质坏死
肝窦内纤维蛋白和玻璃样沉积物。
潜在的病理生理学尚不完全清楚。[11]Martin JN Jr, Owens MY. Preeclampsia-eclampsia y syndrome de HELLP. In: Romero Arauz JF, Tena Alavez G, Jimenez Solis GA, eds. Preeclampsia - enfermedades hipertensivas del embarazo [in Spanish]. Mexico: McGraw Hill; 2012.[16]Mihu D, Costin N, Mihu CM, et al. HELLP syndrome: a multisystemic disorder. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16:419-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18193124?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Strand S, Strand D, Seufert R, et al. Placenta-derived CD95 ligand causes liver damage in hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:849-858.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988839?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Martin JN Jr, Rose CH, Briery CM. Understanding and managing HELLP syndrome: the integral role of aggressive glucocorticoids for mother and child. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:914-934.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16631593?tool=bestpractice.com[19]van Runnard Heimel PJ, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, et al. HELLP syndrome is associated with an increased inflammatory response, which may be inhibited by administration of prednisolone. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2008;27:253-265.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18696354?tool=bestpractice.com 在考虑中的假设包括:
免疫学因素(孕妇免疫系统暴露于胎儿抗原,导致急性排斥反应,伴有血小板聚集、高血压、内皮细胞功能障碍)[16]Mihu D, Costin N, Mihu CM, et al. HELLP syndrome: a multisystemic disorder. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16:419-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18193124?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Miranda ML, Macher HC, Muñoz-Hernández R, et al. Role of circulating cell-free DNA levels in patients with severe preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26:1377-1380.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24103646?tool=bestpractice.com
胎盘介导的肝损伤(CD-95 配体,一种肝细胞凋亡介质,已经证明其存在于胎盘提取物;在体外,阻断该配体可减轻炎症损害和肝毒性作用)[17]Strand S, Strand D, Seufert R, et al. Placenta-derived CD95 ligand causes liver damage in hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:849-858.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988839?tool=bestpractice.com
存在全身炎症反应综合征(就像在任何形式的重度先兆子痫中一样,炎症因子不适当的释放导致内皮细胞损害、血小板活化、血管收缩)[18]Martin JN Jr, Rose CH, Briery CM. Understanding and managing HELLP syndrome: the integral role of aggressive glucocorticoids for mother and child. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:914-934.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16631593?tool=bestpractice.com
HELLP 综合征中增加的炎性反应对皮质类固醇(泼尼松龙、静脉给予地塞米松)给药有所应答;HELLP 患者在接受地塞米松静脉给药后,白介素 6、可溶性 fms 样酪氨酸激酶 1 (sFlt-1)、可溶性内皮糖蛋白 (sEng) 水平显著降低,并且疾病的实验室参数有所改善。[19]van Runnard Heimel PJ, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, et al. HELLP syndrome is associated with an increased inflammatory response, which may be inhibited by administration of prednisolone. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2008;27:253-265.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18696354?tool=bestpractice.com
HELLP 综合征患者同时具有抗血管生成状态和显著的炎症反应,与先兆子痫患者的抗血管生成变化为主不同。[21]Reimer T, Rohrmann H, Stubert J, et al. Angiogenic factors and acute-phase proteins in serum samples of preeclampsia and HELLP patients: a matched-pair analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26:263-269.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23020582?tool=bestpractice.com地塞米松可降低抗血管生成和炎症因子的释放。[15]Wallace K, Martin JN Jr, Tam Tam K, et al. Seeking the mechanism(s) of action for corticosteroids in HELLP syndrome: SMASH study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208:380;e1-e8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23380266?tool=bestpractice.com